Does Mathematics Refute Evolution?

Let’s take another look at the impossibility of evolution through the perfect language of mathematics.
We have already covered a number of mathematical facts that dispute evolution, but let’s really attack it today, by using simple math.
This is going to sound rude, often the plain truth, offered directly without apology is rude sounding in this society where political correctness is the order of the day regardless of the truth.
I would like to remind you these lessons are for you… the Christian, and possibly the agnostic, and on extremely rare occasions the atheist who might have an open mind and be willing to consider the truth of creation. The fact is the atheist has a closed mind, they will offer up any argument they can, regardless of truth or reason. The very fact they claim to be an atheist is proof of this, remember what scripture says; anyone who says “there is no God is a fool’ We also see it demonstrated by practicing atheist who claims a Christian background. By “practicing” I mean those who support any law that goes above “Gods Law” such as condoning sexual deviation claiming it to be natural, something a person is born with, or the murder of the most innocent lives… the unborn child.
Enough of that, you get the point. Now for a second point, I once worked for a sales manager who likes to compare sales tools as bullets in his gun belt. Each point that refutes evolution is like another bullet in our gun belt of Christian defenses… the more we know from various sources and avenues, the stronger our belief becomes.
The goal is simple, to know the word of God, knowing we live by every word that proceeds from His mouth, not by any extra words we choose to add, or by any we decide doesn’t count, or has a different meaning. To know the true word of God is found in the Holy Scriptures we refer to as the “Bible”, not any other so-called “Holy Book”. And to know beyond a shadow of a doubt through Christian Apologetics that it is all true, and the “outside” evidence supporting the truth of the Biblical teachings, and claims is true beyond a shadow of a doubt.

For further reading Click HERE

https://youtu.be/noj4phMT9OE

Evolution: Science? Or Fake Science?

The Human Body… creation of God in His image, or just a lucky break through the slow process of evolution? We are the creation of a loving God. In this lesson and videos we are going to show through mathematics that evolution is not only impossible, but laughable. What is strange is the number of people who are buying into this, and even more incredible the number of teachers who actually teach evolution as a fact to innocent minds, knowing full well or should know all the facts, that it is all a lie.

https://okprisonministry.org/evolution-science-or-fake-science/

https://okprisonministry.org/christian-apologetics/evolution-science-or-fake-science/

Our Cosmos: Is it Billions of Years Old? Or thousands?

The Cosmos… Does it prove the universe just happened by a big explosion billions of years ago, where one single cell or molecule exploded and miraculously created the entire cosmos? Does that make any kind of logical sense to you? Or more like non-sense? It reminds me of the old joke that someone blew up a salvage yard and when the dust cleared a Boeing 727 had been created… perfect, and ready to board for a flight. Well, regardless of what you think, or feel modern science expects us to honor and believe anything they might offer, regardless of how little sense it makes… we are to believe whatever we might say. In this lesson we are going to look at “other” facts… facts that may not support their version of creation… well, I guess they don’t believe in creation but just a good roll of the dice.

Go to the complete Study on the Cosmos by Clicking here

Does Mathematics Refute Evolution?

Read Full Article

Our Cosmos: Is it Billions of Years Old? Or thousands?

Go to the complete Study on the Cosmos by Clicking here

Evolution: Science? Or Fake Science?

https://theparkprisonministry.org/evolution-science-or-fake-science/

https://theparkprisonministry.org/christian-apologetics/evolution-science-or-fake-science/

The Earth… Is it really billions of years old? And, does it support life just by accident? Or was it created?

The Young, Created Earth

In this lesson we are going to look at the evidence. We will start with biblical statements concerning our planet. Taking into consideration the bible states long before man could have known, that the earth is a sphere, it hangs on nothing, that it orbits around the sun. It speaks of the hydrological system, the jet stream circuit, and many other systems of nature. We will look at how the attributes of the Earth are so precise, and so finely tuned that it simply could not have happened by accident. So, again, in this lesson we are going to look at the facts, and learn the evidence is overwhelmingly in favor of a young Earth, and its precision is the result of design, not chaos.

For the complete lesson, and the videos click here to view the page.

Science from the Bible: The Earth Hangs on Nothing

There was a time when it was believed that the earth sat on a large animal or a giant (1500 B.C.), the Bible spoke of the earth’s free float in space: “He…hangs the earth upon nothing” (Job 26:7). Science didn’t discover that the earth hangs upon nothing until 1650.

Fulfilled Prophesies of Christ

The Coming Messiah was Prophesied hundreds of years before He arrived.

To just fulfill 8 prophecies concerning Christ you must begin by multiplying all these probabilities together which produces a number (rounded off) of 1×10²⁸. Dividing this number by an estimate of the number of people who have lived since the time of these prophecies (88 billion) produces a probability of all 8 prophecies being fulfilled accidentally in the life of one person. That probability is 1 in 10¹⁷ or 1 in 100,000,000,000,000,000. That’s one in one hundred quadrillion!

Now imagine the probability of Christ fulfilling over 360 of those prophecies!!! It is beyond calculation, and all these prophecies were made at least four hundred years before He was born. The following chart reveals the original prophecy in the old testament, and their fulfillment in the New Testament

Applying the Science of Probability to the Scriptures

Seed of a woman (virgin birth)	Galatians 4:4-5, Matthew 1:18	Galatians 4:4-5, Matthew 1:18
2. Gen. 3:15	He will bruise Satan’s head	Hebrews 2:14, 1John 3:8
3. Gen. 3:15	Christ’s heel would be bruised with nails on the cross	Matthew 27:35, Luke 24:39-40
4. Gen. 5:24	The bodily ascension to heaven illustrated	Mark 16:19, Rev. 12:5
5. Gen. 9:26, 27	The God of Shem will be the Son of Shem	Luke 3:23-36
6. Gen. 12:3	Seed of Abraham will bless all nations	Galatians 3:8, Acts 3:25, 26
7. Gen. 12:7	The Promise made to Abraham’s Seed	Galatians 3:16
8. Gen. 14:18	A priest after the order of Melchizedek	Hebrews 6:20
9. Gen. 14:18	King of Peace and Righteousness	Hebrews 7:2
10. Gen. 14:18	The Last Supper foreshadowed	Matthew 26:26-29
11. Gen. 17:19	Seed of Isaac (Gen. 21:12)	Romans 9:7
12. Gen. 22:8	The Lamb of God promised	John 1:29
13. Gen. 22:18	As Isaac’s seed, will bless all nations	Galatians 3:16
14. Gen. 26:2-5	The Seed of Isaac promised as the Redeemer	Hebrews 11:18
15. Gen. 28:12	The Bridge to heaven	John 1:51
16. Gen. 28:14	The Seed of Jacob	Luke 3:34
17. Gen. 49:10	The time of His coming	Luke 2:1-7; Galatians 4:4
18. Gen. 49:10	The Seed of Judah	Luke 3:33
19. Gen. 49:10	Called Shiloh or One Sent	John 17:3
20. Gen. 49:10	Messiah to come before Judah lost identity	John 11:47-52
21. Gen. 49:10	Unto Him shall the obedience of the people be	John 10:16
22. Ex. 3:13-15	The Great “I AM”	John 4:26; 8:58
23. Ex. 12:3-6	The Lamb presented to Israel 4 days before Passover	Mark 11:7-11
24. Ex. 12:5	A Lamb without blemish	Hebrews 9:14; 1Peter 1:19
25. Ex. 12:13	The blood of the Lamb saves from wrath	Romans 5:8
26. Ex. 12:21-27	Christ is our Passover	1Corinthians 5:7
27. Ex. 12:46	Not a bone of the Lamb to be broken	John 19:31-36
28. Ex. 15:2	His exaltation predicted as Yeshua	Acts 7:55, 56
29. Ex. 15:11	His Character-Holiness	Luke 1:35; Acts 4:27
30. Ex. 17:6	The Spiritual Rock of Israel	1Corinthians 10:4
31. Ex. 33:19	His Character-Merciful	Luke 1:72
32. Lev. 1:2-9	His sacrifice a sweet smelling savor unto God	Ephesians 5:2
33. Lev. 14:11	The leper cleansed-Sign to priesthood	Luke 5:12-14; Acts 6:7
34. Lev. 16:15-17	Prefigures Christ’s once-for-all death	Hebrews 9:7-14
35. Lev. 16:27	Suffering outside the Camp	Matthew 27:33; Heb. 13:11, 12
36. Lev. 17:11	The Blood-the life of the flesh	Matthew 26:28; Mark 10:45
37. Lev. 17:11	It is the blood that makes atonement	Rom. 3:23-24; 1John 1:7
38. Lev. 23:36-37	The Drink-offering: “If any man thirst”	John 7:37
39. Num. 9:12	Not a bone of Him broken	John 19:31-36
40. Num. 21:9	The serpent on a pole-Christ lifted up	John 3:14-18; 12:32
41. Num. 24:17	Time: “I shall see him, but not now.”	John 1:14; Galatians 4:4
42. Deut. 18:15	“This is of a truth that prophet.”	John 6:14
43. Deut. 18:15-16	“Had ye believed Moses, ye would believe me.”	John 5:45-47
44. Deut. 18:18	Sent by the Father to speak His word	John 8:28, 29
45. Deut. 18:19	Whoever will not hear must bear his sin	Acts 3:22-23
46. Deut. 21:23	Cursed is he that hangs on a tree	Galatians 3:10-13
47. Joshua 5:14-15	The Captain of our salvation	Hebrews 2:10
48. Ruth 4:4-10	Christ, our kinsman, has redeemed us	Ephesians 1:3-7
49. 1 Sam. 2:35	A Faithful Priest	Heb. 2:17; 3:1-3, 6; 7:24-25
50. 1 Sam. 2:10	Shall be an anointed King to the Lord	Mt. 28:18, John 12:15
51. 2 Sam. 7:12	David’s Seed	Matthew 1:1
52. 2 Sam. 7:13	His Kingdom is everlasting	2Peter 1:11
53. 2 Sam. 7:14	The Son of God	Luke 1:32, Romans 1:3-4
54. 2 Sam. 7:16	David’s house established forever	Luke 3:31; Rev. 22:16
55. 2 Ki. 2:11	The bodily ascension to heaven illustrated	Luke 24:51
56. 1 Chr. 17:11	David’s Seed	Matthew 1:1; 9:27
57. 1 Chr. 17:12-13	To reign on David’s throne forever	Luke 1:32, 33
58. 1 Chr. 17:13	“I will be His Father, He…my Son.”	Hebrews 1:5
59. Job 9:32-33	Mediator between man and God	1 Timothy 2:5
60. Job 19:23-27	The Resurrection predicted	John 5:24-29
61. Psa. 2:1-3	The enmity of kings foreordained	Acts 4:25-28
62. Psa. 2:2	To own the title, Anointed (Christ)	John 1:41, Acts 2:36
63. Psa. 2:6	His Character-Holiness	John 8:46; Revelation 3:7
64. Psa. 2:6	To own the title King	Matthew 2:2
65. Psa. 2:7	Declared the Beloved Son	Matthew 3:17, Romans 1:4
66. Psa. 2:7, 8	The Crucifixion and Resurrection intimated	Acts 13:29-33
67. Psa. 2:8, 9	Rule the nations with a rod of iron	Rev. 2:27; 12:5; 19:15
68. Psa. 2:12	Life comes through faith in Him	John 20:31
69. Psa. 8:2	The mouths of babes perfect His praise	Matthew 21:16
70. Psa. 8:5, 6	His humiliation and exaltation	Hebrews 2:5-9
71. Psa. 9:7-10	Judge the world in righteousness	Acts 17:31
72. Psa. 16:10	Was not to see corruption	Acts 2:31; 13:35
73. Psa. 16:9-11	Was to arise from the dead	John 20:9
74. Psa. 17:15	The resurrection predicted	Luke 24:6
75. Psa. 18:2-3	The horn of salvation	Luke 1:69-71
76. Psa. 22:1	Forsaken because of sins of others	2 Corinthians 5:21
77. Psa. 22:1	“My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?”	Matthew 27:46
78. Psa. 22:2	Darkness upon Calvary for three hours	Matthew 27:45
79. Psa. 22:7	They shoot out the lip and shake the head	Matthew 27:39-44
80. Psa. 22:8	“He trusted in God, let Him deliver Him”	Matthew 27:43
81. Psa. 22:9-10	Born the Saviour	Luke 2:7
82. Psa. 22:12-13	They seek His death	John 19:6
83. Psa. 22:14	His blood poured out when they pierced His side	John 19:34
84. Psa. 22:14, 15	Suffered agony on Calvary	Mark 15:34-37
85. Psa. 22:15	He thirsted	John 19:28
86. Psa. 22:16	They pierced His hands and His feet	John 19:34, 37; 20:27
87. Psa. 22:17, 18	Stripped Him before the stares of men	Luke 23:34, 35
88. Psa. 22:18	They parted His garments	John 19:23, 24
89. Psa. 22:20, 21	He committed Himself to God	Luke 23:46
90. Psa. 22:20, 21	Satanic power bruising the Redeemer’s heel	Hebrews 2:14
91. Psa. 22:22	His Resurrection declared	John 20:17
92. Psa. 22:27-28	He shall be the governor of the nations	Colossians 1:16
93. Psa. 22:31	“It is finished”	John 19:30, Heb. 10:10, 12, 14, 18
94. Psa. 23:1	“I am the Good Shepherd”	John 10:11, 1Peter 2:25
95. Psa. 24:3	His exaltation predicted	Acts 1:11; Philippians 2:9
96. Psa. 30:3	His resurrection predicted	Acts 2:32
97. Psa. 31:5	“Into thy hands I commit my spirit”	Luke 23:46
98. Psa. 31:11	His acquaintances fled from Him	Mark 14:50
99. Psa. 31:13	They took counsel to put Him to death	Mt. 27:1, John 11:53
100. Psa. 31:14, 15	“He trusted in God, let Him deliver him”	Matthew 27:43
101. Psa. 34:20	Not a bone of Him broken	John 19:31-36
102. Psa. 35:11	False witnesses rose up against Him	Matthew 26:59
103. Psa. 35:19	He was hated without a cause	John 15:25
104. Psa. 38:11	His friends stood afar off	Luke 23:49
105. Psa. 38:12	Enemies try to entangle Him by craft	Mark 14:1, Mt. 22:15
106. Psa. 38:12-13	Silent before His accusers	Matthew 27:12-14
107. Psa. 38:20	He went about doing good	Acts 10:38
108. Psa. 40:2-5	The joy of His resurrection predicted	John 20:20
109. Psa. 40:6-8	His delight-the will of the Father	John 4:34, Heb. 10:5-10
110. Psa. 40:9	He was to preach the Righteousness in Israel	Matthew 4:17
111. Psa. 40:14	Confronted by adversaries in the Garden	John 18:4-6
112. Psa. 41:9	Betrayed by a familiar friend	John 13:18
113. Psa. 45:2	Words of Grace come from His lips	John 1:17, Luke 4:22
114. Psa. 45:6	To own the title, God or Elohim	Hebrews 1:8
115. Psa. 45:7	A special anointing by the Holy Spirit	Mt. 3:16; Heb. 1:9
116. Psa. 45:7, 8	Called the Christ (Messiah or Anointed)	Luke 2:11
117. Psa. 45:17	His name remembered forever	Ephesians 1:20-21, Heb. 1:8
118. Psa. 55:12-14	Betrayed by a friend, not an enemy	John 13:18
119. Psa. 55:15	Unrepentant death of the Betrayer	Matthew 27:3-5; Acts 1:16-19
120. Psa. 68:18	To give gifts to men	Ephesians 4:7-16
121. Psa. 68:18	Ascended into Heaven	Luke 24:51
122. Psa. 69:4	Hated without a cause	John 15:25
123. Psa. 69:8	A stranger to own brethren	John 1:11; 7:5
124. Psa. 69:9	Zealous for the Lord’s House	John 2:17
125. Psa. 69:14-20	Messiah’s anguish of soul before crucifixion	Matthew 26:36-45
126. Psa. 69:20	“My soul is exceeding sorrowful.”	Matthew 26:38
127. Psa. 69:21	Given vinegar in thirst	Matthew 27:34
128. Psa. 69:26	The Saviour given and smitten by God	John 17:4; 18:11
129. Psa. 72:10, 11	Great persons were to visit Him	Matthew 2:1-11
130. Psa. 72:16	The corn of wheat to fall into the Ground	John 12:24-25
131. Psa. 72:17	Belief on His name will produce offspring	John 1:12, 13
132. Psa. 72:17	All nations shall be blessed by Him	Galatians 3:8
133. Psa. 72:17	All nations shall call Him blessed	John 12:13, Rev. 5:8-12
134. Psa. 78:1-2	He would teach in parables	Matthew 13:34-35
135. Psa. 78:2	To speak the Wisdom of God with authority	Matthew 7:29
136. Psa. 80:17	The Man of God’s right hand	Mark 14:61-62
137. Psa. 88	The Suffering and Reproach of Calvary	Matthew 27:26-50
138. Psa. 88:8	They stood afar off and watched	Luke 23:49
139. Psa. 89:27	Firstborn	Colossians 1:15, 18
140. Psa. 89:27	Emmanuel to be higher than earthly kings	Luke 1:32, 33
141. Psa. 89:35-37	David’s Seed, throne, kingdom endure forever	Luke 1:32, 33
142. Psa. 89:36-37	His character-Faithfulness	Revelation 1:5; 19:11
143. Psa. 90:2	He is from everlasting (Micah 5:2)	John 1:1
144. Psa. 91:11, 12	Identified as Messianic; used to tempt Christ	Luke 4:10, 11
145. Psa. 97:9	His exaltation predicted	Acts 1:11; Ephesians 1:20
146. Psa. 100:5	His character-Goodness	Matthew 19:16, 17
147. Psa. 102:1-11	The Suffering and Reproach of Calvary	John 19:16-30
148. Psa. 102:25-27	Messiah is the Preexistent Son	Hebrews 1:10-12
149. Psa. 109:25	Ridiculed	Matthew 27:39
150. Psa. 110:1	Son of David	Matthew 22:42-43
151. Psa. 110:1	To ascend to the right-hand of the Father	Mark 16:19
152. Psa. 110:1	David’s son called Lord	Matthew 22:44, 45
153. Psa. 110:4	A priest after Melchizedek’s order	Hebrews 6:20
154. Psa. 112:4	His character-Compassionate, Gracious, et al	Matthew 9:36
155. Psa. 118:17, 18	Messiah’s Resurrection assured	Luke 24:5-7; 1Cor. 15:20
156. Psa. 118:22, 23	The rejected stone is Head of the corner	Matthew 21:42, 43
157. Psa. 118:26	The Blessed One presented to Israel	Matthew 21:9
158. Psa. 118:26	To come while Temple standing	Matthew 21:12-15
159. Psa. 132:11	The Seed of David (the fruit of His Body)	Luke 1:32, Act 2:30
160. Psa. 129:3	He was scourged	Matthew 27:26
161. Psa. 138:1-6	The supremacy of David’s Seed amazes kings	Matthew 2:2-6
162. Psa. 147:3, 6	The earthly ministry of Christ described	Luke 4:18
163. Prov. 1:23	He will send the Spirit of God	John 16:7
164. Prov. 8:23	Foreordained from everlasting	Rev. 13:8, 1Peter 1:19-20
165. Song. 5:16	The altogether lovely One	John 1:17
166. Isa. 2:3	He shall teach all nations	John 4:25
167. Isa. 2:4	He shall judge among the nations	John 5:22
168. Isa. 6:1	When Isaiah saw His glory	John 12:40-41
169. Isa. 6:8	The One Sent by God	John 12:38-45
170. Isa. 6:9-10	Parables fall on deaf ears	Matthew 13:13-15
171. Isa. 6:9-12	Blinded to Christ and deaf to His words	Acts 28:23-29
172. Isa. 7:14	To be born of a virgin	Luke 1:35
173. Isa. 7:14	To be Emmanuel-God with us	Matthew 1:18-23, 1Tim. 3:16
174. Isa. 8:8	Called Emmanuel	Matthew 28:20
175. Isa. 8:14	A stone of stumbling, a Rock of offense	1Peter 2:8
176. Isa. 9:1, 2	His ministry to begin in Galilee	Matthew 4:12-17
177. Isa. 9:6	A child born-Humanity	Luke 1:31
178. Isa. 9:6	A Son given-Deity	Luke 1:32, John 1:14, 1Tim. 3:16
179. Isa. 9:6	Declared to be the Son of God with power	Romans 1:3, 4
180. Isa. 9:6	The Wonderful One, Peleh	Luke 4:22
181. Isa. 9:6	The Counsellor, Yaatz	Matthew 13:54
182. Isa. 9:6	The Mighty God, El Gibor	1Cor. 1:24, Titus 2:13
183. Isa. 9:6	The Everlasting Father, Avi Adth	John 8:58; 10:30
184. Isa. 9:6	The Prince of Peace, Sar Shalom	John 16:33
185. Isa. 9:7	Inherits the throne of David	Luke 1:32
186. Isa. 9:7	His Character-Just	John 5:30
187. Isa. 9:7	No end to his Government, Throne, and kingdom	Luke 1:33
188. Isa. 11:1	Called a Nazarene-the Branch, Netzer	Matthew 2:23
189. Isa. 11:1	A rod out of Jesse-Son of Jesse	Luke 3:23, 32
190. Isa. 11:2	Anointed One by the Spirit	Matthew 3:16, 17, Acts 10:38
191. Isa. 11:2	His Character-Wisdom, Knowledge, et al	Colossians 2:3
192. Isa. 11:3	He would know their thoughts	Luke 6:8, John 2:25
193. Isa. 11:4	Judge in righteousness	Acts 17:31
194. Isa. 11:4	Judges with the sword of His mouth	Rev. 2:16; 19:11, 15
195. Isa. 11:5	Character: Righteous & Faithful	Rev. 19:11
196. Isa. 11:10	The Gentiles seek Him	John 12:18-21
197. Isa. 12:2	Called Jesus-Yeshua	Matthew 1:21
198. Isa. 22:22	The One given all authority to govern	Revelation 3:7
199. Isa. 25:8	The Resurrection predicted	1Corinthians 15:54
200. Isa. 26:19	His power of Resurrection predicted	Matthew 27:50-54
201. Isa. 28:16	The Messiah is the precious corner stone	Acts 4:11, 12
202. Isa. 28:16	The Sure Foundation	1Corinthians 3:11, Mt. 16:18
203. Isa. 29:13	He indicated hypocritical obedience to His Word	Matthew 15:7-9
204. Isa. 29:14	The wise are confounded by the Word	1Corinthians 1:18-31
205. Isa. 32:2	A Refuge-A man shall be a hiding place	Matthew 23:37
206. Isa. 35:4	He will come and save you	Matthew 1:21
207. Isa. 35:5-6	To have a ministry of miracles	Matthew 11:2-6
208. Isa. 40:3, 4	Preceded by forerunner	John 1:23
209. Isa. 40:9	“Behold your God.”	John 1:36; 19:14
210. Isa. 40:10.	He will come to reward	Revelation 22:12
211. Isa. 40:11	A shepherd-compassionate life-giver	John 10:10-18
212. Isa. 42:1-4	The Servant-as a faithful, patient redeemer	Matthew 12:18-21
213. Isa. 42:2	Meek and lowly	Matthew 11:28-30
214. Isa. 42:3	He brings hope for the hopeless	Mt. 12:14-21; John 4:1-54
215. Isa. 42:4	The nations shall wait on His teachings	John 12:20-26
216. Isa. 42:6	The Light (salvation) of the Gentiles	Luke 2:32
217. Isa. 42:1, 6	His is a worldwide compassion	Matthew 28:19, 20
218. Isa. 42:7	Blind eyes opened.	John 9:25-38
219. Isa. 43:11	He is the only Saviour.	Acts 4:12
220. Isa. 44:3	He will send the Spirit of God	John 16:7, 13
221. Isa. 45:21-25	He is Lord and Saviour	Philippians 3:20, Titus 2:13
222. Isa. 45:23	He will be the Judge	John 5:22; Romans 14:11
223. Isa. 46:9, 10	Declares things not yet done	John 13:19
224. Isa. 48:12	The First and the Last	John 1:30, Revelation 1:8, 17
225. Isa. 48:16, 17	He came as a Teacher	John 3:2
226. Isa. 49:1	Called from the womb-His humanity	Matthew 1:18
227. Isa. 49:5	A Servant from the womb.	Luke 1:31, Philippians 2:7
228. Isa. 49:6	He will restore Israel	Acts 3:19-21; 15:16-17
229. Isa. 49:6	He is Salvation for Israel	Luke 2:29-32
230. Isa. 49:6	He is the Light of the Gentiles	John 8:12, Acts 13:47
231. Isa. 49:6	He is Salvation unto the ends of the earth	Acts 15:7-18
232. Isa. 49:7	He is despised of the Nation	John 1:11; 8:48-49; 19:14-15
233. Isa. 50:3	Heaven is clothed in black at His humiliation	Luke 23:44, 45
234. Isa. 50:4	He is a learned counselor for the weary	Matthew 7:29; 11:28, 29
235. Isa. 50:5	The Servant bound willingly to obedience	Matthew 26:39
236. Isa. 50:6	“I gave my back to the smiters.”	Matthew 27:26
237. Isa. 50:6	He was smitten on the cheeks	Matthew 26:67
238. Isa. 50:6	He was spat upon	Matthew 27:30
239. Isa. 52:7	Published good tidings upon mountains	Matthew 5:12; 15:29; 28:16
240. Isa. 52:13	The Servant exalted	Acts 1:8-11; Eph. 1:19-22, Php. 2:5-9
241. Isa. 52:14	The Servant shockingly abused	Luke 18:31-34; Mt. 26:67, 68
242. Isa. 52:15	Nations startled by message of the Servant	Luke 18:31-34; Mt. 26:67, 68
243. Isa. 52:15	His blood shed sprinkles nations	Hebrews 9:13-14, Rev. 1:5
244. Isa. 53:1	His people would not believe Him	John 12:37-38
245. Isa. 53:2	Appearance of an ordinary man	Philippians 2:6-8
246. Isa. 53:3	Despised	Luke 4:28-29
247. Isa. 53:3	Rejected	Matthew 27:21-23
248. Isa. 53:3	Great sorrow and grief	Matthew 26:37-38, Luke 19:41, Heb. 4:15
249. Isa. 53:3	Men hide from being associated with Him	Mark 14:50-52
250. Isa. 53:4	He would have a healing ministry	Matthew 8:16-17
251. Isa. 53:4	Thought to be cursed by God	Matthew 26:66; 27:41-43
252. Isa. 53:5	Bears penalty for mankind’s iniquities	2Cor. 5:21, Heb. 2:9
253. Isa. 53:5	His sacrifice provides peace between man and God	Colossians 1:20
254. Isa. 53:5	His sacrifice would heal man of sin	1Peter 2:24
255. Isa. 53:6	He would be the sin-bearer for all mankind	1John 2:2; 4:10
256. Isa. 53:6	God’s will that He bear sin for all mankind	Galatians 1:4
257. Isa. 53:7	Oppressed and afflicted	Matthew 27:27-31
258. Isa. 53:7	Silent before his accusers	Matthew 27:12-14
259. Isa. 53:7	Sacrificial lamb	John 1:29, 1Peter 1:18-19
260. Isa. 53:8	Confined and persecuted	Matthew 26:47-75; 27:1-31
261. Isa. 53:8	He would be judged	John 18:13-22
262. Isa. 53:8	Killed	Matthew 27:35
263. Isa. 53:8	Dies for the sins of the world	1John 2:2
264. Isa. 53:9	Buried in a rich man’s grave	Matthew 27:57
265. Isa. 53:9	Innocent and had done no violence	Luke 23:41, John 18:38
266. Isa. 53:9	No deceit in his mouth	1Peter 2:22
267. Isa. 53:10	God’s will that He die for mankind	John 18:11
268. Isa. 53:10	An offering for sin	Matthew 20:28, Galatians 3:13
269. Isa. 53:10	Resurrected and live forever	Romans 6:9
270. Isa. 53:10	He would prosper	John 17:1-5
271. Isa. 53:11	God fully satisfied with His suffering	John 12:27
272. Isa. 53:11	God’s servant would justify man	Romans 5:8-9, 18-19
273. Isa. 53:11	The sin-bearer for all mankind	Hebrews 9:28
274. Isa. 53:12	Exalted by God because of his sacrifice	Matthew 28:18
275. Isa. 53:12	He would give up his life to save mankind	Luke 23:46
276. Isa. 53:12	Numbered with the transgressors	Mark 15:27-28; Luke 22:37
277. Isa. 53:12	Sin-bearer for all mankind	1Peter 2:24
278. Isa. 53:12	Intercede to God in behalf of mankind	Luke 23:34, Rom. 8:34
279. Isa. 55:3	Resurrected by God	Acts 13:34
280. Isa. 55:4	A witness	John 18:37
281. Isa. 55:4	He is a leader and commander	Hebrews 2:10
282. Isa. 55:5	God would glorify Him	Acts 3:13
283. Isa. 59:16	Intercessor between man and God	Matthew 10:32
284. Isa. 59:16	He would come to provide salvation	John 6:40
285. Isa. 59:20	He would come to Zion as their Redeemer	Luke 2:38
286. Isa. 60:1-3	He would shew light to the Gentiles	Acts 26:23
287. Isa. 61:1	The Spirit of God upon him	Matthew 3:16-17
288. Isa. 61:1	The Messiah would preach the good news	Luke 4:16-21
289. Isa. 61:1	Provide freedom from the bondage of sin	John 8:31-36
290. Isa. 61:1-2	Proclaim a period of grace	Galatians 4:4-5
291. Jer. 11:21	Conspiracy to kill Jesus	John 7:1, Matthew 21:38
292. Jer. 23:5-6	Descendant of David	Luke 3:23-31
293. Jer. 23:5-6	The Messiah would be both God and Man	John 13:13, 1Ti 3:16
294. Jer. 31:22	Born of a virgin	Matthew 1:18-20
295. Jer. 31:31	The Messiah would be the new covenant	Matthew 26:28
296. Jer. 33:14-15	Descendant of David	Luke 3:23-31
297. Eze.34:23-24	Descendant of David	Matthew 1:1
298. Eze.37:24-25	Descendant of David	Luke 1:31-33
299. Dan. 2:44-45	The Stone that shall break the kingdoms	Matthew 21:44
300. Dan. 7:13-14	He would ascend into heaven	Acts 1:9-11
301. Dan. 7:13-14	Highly exalted	Ephesians 1:20-22
302. Dan. 7:13-14	His dominion would be everlasting	Luke 1:31-33
303. Dan. 9:24	To make an end to sins	Galatians 1:3-5
304. Dan. 9:24	To make reconciliation for iniquity	Romans 5:10, 2Cor. 5:18-21
305. Dan. 9:24	He would be holy	Luke 1:35
306. Dan. 9:25	His announcement	John 12:12-13
307. Dan. 9:26	Cut off	Matthew 16:21; 21:38-39
308. Dan. 9:26	Die for the sins of the world	Hebrews 2:9
309. Dan. 9:26	Killed before the destruction of the temple	Matthew 27:50-51
310. Dan. 10:5-6	Messiah in a glorified state	Revelation 1:13-16
311. Hos. 11:1	He would be called out of Egypt	Matthew 2:15
312. Hos. 13:14	He would defeat death	1Corinthians 15:55-57
313. Joel 2:32	Offer salvation to all mankind	Romans 10:9-13
314. Jonah 1:17	Death and resurrection of Christ	Matthew 12:40; 16:4
315. Mic. 5:2	Born in Bethlehem	Matthew 2:1-6
316. Mic. 5:2	Ruler in Israel	Luke 1:33
317. Mic. 5:2	From everlasting	John 8:58
318. Hag. 2:6-9	He would visit the second Temple	Luke 2:27-32
319. Hag. 2:23	Descendant of Zerubbabel	Luke 2:27-32
320. Zech. 3:8	God’s servant	John 17:4
321. Zech. 6:12-13	Priest and King	Hebrews 8:1
322. Zech. 9:9	Greeted with rejoicing in Jerusalem	Matthew 21:8-10
323. Zech. 9:9	Beheld as King	John 12:12-13
324. Zech. 9:9	The Messiah would be just	John 5:30
325. Zech. 9:9	The Messiah would bring salvation	Luke 19:10
326. Zech. 9:9	The Messiah would be humble	Matthew 11:29
327. Zech. 9:9	Presented to Jerusalem riding on a donkey	Matthew 21:6-9
328. Zech. 10:4	The cornerstone	Ephesians 2:20
329. Zech. 11:4-6	At His coming, Israel to have unfit leaders	Matthew 23:1-4
330. Zech. 11:4-6	Rejection causes God to remove His protection	Luke 19:41-44
331. Zech. 11:4-6	Rejected in favor of another king	John 19:13-15
332. Zech. 11:7	Ministry to “poor,” the believing remnant	Matthew 9:35-36
333. Zech. 11:8	Unbelief forces Messiah to reject them	Matthew 23:33
334. Zech. 11:8	Despised	Matthew 27:20
335. Zech. 11:9	Stops ministering to those who rejected Him	Matthew 13:10-11
336. Zech. 11:10-11	Rejection causes God to remove protection	Luke 19:41-44
337. Zech. 11:10-11	The Messiah would be God	John 14:7
338. Zech. 11:12-13	Betrayed for thirty pieces of silver	Matthew 26:14-15
339. Zech. 11:12-13	Rejected	Matthew 26:14-15
340. Zech. 11:12-13	Thirty pieces of silver cast in the house of the Lord	Matthew 27:3-5
341. Zech. 11:12-13	The Messiah would be God	John 12:45
342. Zech. 12:10	The Messiah’s body would be pierced	John 19:34-37
343. Zech. 12:10	The Messiah would be both God and man	John 10:30
344. Zech. 12:10	The Messiah would be rejected	John 1:11
345. Zech. 13:7	God’s will He die for mankind	John 18:11
346. Zech. 13:	A violent death	Mark 14:27
347. Zech. 13:7	Both God and man	John 14:9
348. Zech. 13:7	Israel scattered as a result of rejecting Him	Matthew 26:31-56
349. Zech. 14:4	He would return to the Mt. of Olives	Acts 1:11-12
350. Mal. 3:1	Messenger to prepare the way for Messiah	Mark 1:1-8
351. Mal. 3:1	Sudden appearance at the temple	Mark 11:15-16
352. Mal. 3:1	Messenger of the new covenant	Luke 4:43
353. Mal. 3:6	The God who changes not	Hebrews 13:8
354. Mal. 4:5	Forerunner in spirit of Elijah	Mt. 3:1-3; 11:10-14; 17:11-13
355. Mal. 4:6	Forerunner would turn many to righteousness	Luke 1:16-17

Apologetic Tables

TABLE 8-A

Old Testament Predictions of Messiah Fulfilled in the New Testament Prophecy

PROPHECY FULFILLMENT

1. CHRIST’S NATURE

Eternity (Micah 5:2; Isaiah 9:6-7) John 1:1-3; Colossians 1:16-17
Deity (Psalm. 110:1 45:6; Isaiah 9:6) John 1:1-3; Colossians 2:9
Son of God (Psalms 2:7) Matthew 3-17; 16:16
Son of Man (Genesis 3:15; 12:3; 22:18) Isaiah 11:1; Matthew 16:13
Human Suffering (Isaiah 53; Psalm. 22) 1 Peter 2:21-24
Father and Creator (Isaiah 9:6-7) John 1:1-3; Colossians 1:16

2. CHRIST’S BIRTH

a. Genealogy

(1) Seed of Woman (Genesis 3:15) Galatians 4:4

(2) Seed of Abraham (Genesis 22:18) Matthew 1:1

(3) Star from Jacob (Numbers 14:17) Luke 3:23, 34

(4) Ruler of Judah (Genesis 49:10) Luke 3:23, 33

(5) Root of Jesse (Isaiah 11:1) Luke 3:23, 32

(6) Seed of David (Psalms 89:3) Luke 3:23, 31

b. Place of Birth (Micah 5:2) Matthew 2:1-8

c. Time of Birth (Daniel 2:44; 9:25) Mark 1:15; Luke 2:1-3

d. Manner of birth: of a virgin (Isaiah 7:14) Matthew 1:18-25

3. CHRIST’S YOUTH

Departure from Egypt (Hosea 11:1) Matthew 2:13-15
Massacre of the innocents (Jeremiah 31:15) Matthew 2:16
Humble and ignoble rearing (Isaiah 54:2) Matthew 22:23

4. CHRIST’S FORERUNNER

The voice in the wilderness (Isaiah 40:3) Matthew 3:1-3
Christ’s messenger (Malachi 3:1) Matthew 11:9-11
Elijah the prophet (Malachi 5:5) Matthew 17:10-13

5. CHRIST’S ROLES

Prophet, like Moses (Deuteronomy 18:18-19) Acts 3:21-23
Priest like Melchizedek (Psalm 110:4) Hebrews 6:20; 7:14-16
King over the nations (Daniel 7:13-14) Mark 9:1-7; Revelation 17:14
Shepherd (Ezekiel 34:23-25) John 10:11-30
Servant (Isaiah 42:1-4; 54:11) Mark 10:24
Son of Man (Daniel 7:13-14) Matthew 16:13-16
Sacrifice (Isaiah 54:4-10) John 1:29; Hebrews 9:26
Counselor (Isaiah 9:6; 11:2) Matthew 11:28-30

I. Judge (Isaiah 11:3-4; Psalm 110:6) John 5:22, 30

j. Redeemer (Isaiah 59:16-20) Matthew 1:23; 20:28

6. CHRIST’S LIFE AND MINISTRY

Anointed by Holy Spirit (Isaiah 61:1) Luke 3:21-22; 4:16-21
His miracles (Isaiah 35:5,6; 42:7) Matthew 11:4-6
His preaching. Mark 1:14-15
In Galilee (Isaiah 9:1, 2) Matthew 4:12-21
To the poor and sinful (Isaiah 61:1-3) Luke 4:18; 7:21-50
In parables (Psalm 78:2) Matthew 13:35
In wisdom and knowledge (Isaiah 11:2) Matthew 12:42; John 7:46
With the Spirit of God (Isaiah 11:2) Matthew 12:28

I. His covenant with Gentiles (Isaiah 42:6) Matthew 28:18-20

j. His sinless life (Isaiah 53:9, 11) 1 Peter 2:22-23

7. CHRIST’S REJECTION

Forsaken by his own. Isaiah 53:2-3 John 1:11-12
Stumbling block to leaders Luke 19:28-38

(Psalm 118:22; Isaiah 8:14; 28:16) Matthew 21:15-16

Praised by children (Psalms 8:2) Luke 19:28-38
Betrayed by a friend (Psalms 41:9) Matthew 21:15-16
Sold for 30 silver pieces (Zechariah 11:12) John 13:2,11,18-30
Enters Jerusalem on donkey (Zechariah 9:9) Matthew 26:14-15
Thrown into Temple (Zechariah 11:13) Mark 14:50
Money buys potter’s field (Zechariah 11:13) Matthew 26:59-62

I. Forsaken by disciples (Zechariah 13:7) Matthew 26:63

Accused by false witnesses (Psalms 35:11) Matthew 27:26
Silent before his accusers (Isaiah 53:7) Matthew 27:27-32
Whipped and bruised (Isaiah 53:5) Luke 23:20-33
Mocked (Isaiah 50:6. Psalms 22:7, 8) John 19:33-34

8. CHRIST’S DEATH

Pierced hands & feet (Psalms 22:16) Matthew 27:32-44
His side pierced (Zechariah 12:10) John 19:23
Stared upon (Psalms 22:17) John 19:24
Garments divided (Psalms 22:18) John 19:28
One garment taken by lot (Psalms 22:18) Matthew 27:34
Suffered thirst (Psalms 22:15; 69:21) Matthew 27:45-46
Gall & vinegar for drink (Psalms 69:21) Matthew 27:39
Forsaken by God (Isaiah 53:4; Psalms 22:1) Luke 23:46

I. Shaking heads (Psalms 22:7; 109:25) John 19:33, 36

Spirit committed to God (Psalms 31:5) 1 Peter 2:24-25
Bones not broken (Psalms 34:20) Romans 5:18,19
Vicarious death (Isaiah 53:5, 12) Hebrews 7:25; Luke 23:24
Justifying death (Isaiah 53:11, 12) Matthew 27:57-60
Intercession in his death (Isaiah 53:12) Matthew 27:26
Death with wicked (Isaiah 53:9; 57:60) Matthew 27:27-32

9. CHRIST’S RESURRECTION

Soul not left in Hades (Psalms 16:10) Acts 2:24-32
Body not to undergo decay (Psalms 16:9, 10) Acts 2:24-32
Resurrection on third day (Hosea 6:2) 1 Corinthians 15:4

10. CHRIST’S ASCENSION

Ascension to heaven (Psalms 68:18) Acts 1:9-11
Seated at God’s right hand (Psalm 110:1) Hebrews 1:3
Christ’s reign (Psalm. 110:1-3) 1 Corinthians 15:25-27
His reign over Gentiles (Isaiah 49:6) Matthew 28:18-20
Gifts to (or, of) men (Psalms 68:18) Ephesians 4:8-10
Final victory over death (final resurrection) 1 Corinthians 15:25-27

(Psalms 110:1; Isaiah 25:6-9) 1 Corinthians 15:50-57

TABLE 11-A
Thiele’s Chronology of the Divided Kingdom

JUDAH ISRAEL

971/70 B.C. Solomon

931/30 B.C. Rehoboam Jeroboam 931/30 B.C.

913 B.C. Abijah

911/10 B.C. Asa

872/71 B.C. Jehoshaphat Ahab 874/73 B.C.

Ahab’s death 853 B.C.

Jehu 841 B.C.

TABLE 11-B
Biblical Chronologies from Adam to Abraham

Age Begot Son B.C. Date

Genesis Reference	Biblical Name	Hebrew	Greek	Hebrew	Greek
1:26	Adam	0	0	w/o Cainan 3955 B.C. w/ Cainan 4085 B.C.	5341 B.C.
5:3-5	Adam	130	130	3955 B.C.	5211 B.C.
5:9-11	Seth	105	205	3850 B.C.	5006 B.C.
5:12-14	Enosh	90	190	3760 B.C.	4816 B.C.
5:12-14	Kenan	70	170	3690 B.C.	4646 B.C.
5:15-17	Mahalalel	65	165	3625 B.C.	4481 B.C.
5:18-20	Jared	162	162	3463 B.C.	4319 B.C.
5:21-23	Enoch	65	165	3398 B.C.	4154 B.C.
5:25-27	Methusalah	187	187	3211 B.C.	3967 B.C.
5:28-31	Lamech	182	188	3029 B.C. w/Cainan to Adam	3779 B.C.
7:11	Noah Flood	600 Flood	600 Flood	2429 B.C. w/cainan 2299 B.C. w/o Cainan	3179 B.C.
11:10	Shem	3	3	2426 B.C. w/cainan	3176 B.C.
11:12	Arphaxhad	35	135	2391 B.C. w/cainan	3041 B.C.
11:13	Cainan	(130 LXX)	130	2261 B.C.	2911 B.C.
11:14	Shelah	30	130	2231 B.C.	2781 B.C.
11:16	Eber	34	134	2197 B.C.	2647 B.C.
11:18	Peleg	30	130	2167 B.C.	2517 B.C.
11:20-21	Reu	32	132	2135 B.C.	2385 B.C.
11:22	Serug	30	130	2105 B.C.	2255 B.C.
11:24	Nahor	29	179	2076 B.C.	2076 B.C.
11:26-32 12:1-5	Terah Promise to Abraham	130 70	130 70	1946 B.C. 1876 B.C.	1946 B.C. 1876 B.C.

TABLE 13-A
LIST OF ANCIENT NATIONS SINCE THE FLOOD (Genesis 10-11)

39 out of 84 = 46% Found in Ancient Documents Outside the Bible
A.R. = Ancient Assyrian records

I. JAPHETH + 7 sons and 7 grandsons : 8 out of 16 = 50%

A. Gomer (Gurumu) – A.R. I.771,788,805; et. al.

Ashkenaz = Jeremiah 51:27
Riphath
Togarmah (Til-garimmu) A.R. II.26,60,290

B. Magog – Ezekiel 38:2

C. Madai (Medes) – A.R. I.581,739,784; et. al.

D. Javan – A.R. II.710

Elishah – Ezekiel 27:7
Tarshish – Isaiah 2:26;23:1; Jeremiah 10:9; Jonah 1:3
Kittim (Kuti) – A.R. I.73,117,125, et. al.
Rodanim

E. Tubal (Tabal) – A.R. I. 579,580,588,674, et. al.

F. Meshech (Mushki or Muski) A.R. I.221,276, etc.

G. Tiras

II. HAM + 4 sons and 27 grandsons and great-grandson: 17 out of 33 = 52%

HAM: Cited by Thutmose III as a location (Ham) and possibly (Hamath) Thutmose III, ANET, p. 242.

A. Cush (Kush) A.R. II.564,583,753, et. al.

1. Seba (Saba) A.R.I.778;II.440

2. Havilah – Genesis 25:18

3. Sabtah

4. Sabteca

5. Raamah – Ezekiel 27:22

Sheba – (Saba) A.R. I.778;II.440
Dedan – Isaiah 21:13; Jeremiah 25:23-24

6. Nimrod – A.R. I.1020

B. Mizraim (Musri) – A.R. I.787,800,815; II.18,54

Ludites
Anamites
Lehabites
Naphtuhites
Pathrusites
Casluhites
The Philistines (Peleset) Ramses III, “War Against the Peoples of the Sea,” ANET, p. 262.
Caphtorites – Deut. 2:23

C. Put (Lybia) – Ezekiel 27:10

D. Canaan – Genesis 9:18, 25-27; Kinahi (country of Canaan), Amarna Letters 11,14,50,294

Sidon (Sidanu-city) A.R. I.302,328,479
Hittites (Hatti) A.R. I.112,116,164 et. al.
Jebusites (city of Gebal) A.R. I.518,578
Amorites (Amurru) – A.R. I.249,444
Girgashites (Girgira, city) – A.R. I.773
Hivites
Arkites (Arku, city), A.R. 772,815
Sinites (Desert of Sin, Exodus 16:1)
Arvadites – City: A.R.I.302,306,328,et.al.
Zemarites – City: Zamri I.453; Zimarra – I.815
Hamathites – city – A.R.I.563, 568,610, et.al.

III. SONS OF SHEM: 5 sons, 5 grandsons and 26 other descendants: 14 out of 35 = 40%

A. Elam – A.R. I.726,789 and many more.

B. Asshur – Name of Assyria and their chief god throughout the Assyrian records.

C. Arphaxad: successive generations.

1. Shelah (land of Shaalli, A.R. I.790

2. Eber – (land of Ebir-nari, A.R. II.901) = Hebrews (Habiru = Apiru)

a. Peleg (city of Pilagura, A.R.II.690) Father of successive generations:

(1) Reu (land of Rua and tribe of Ruua) A.R. I. 774,7 83, 788, 799

(2) Serug

(3) Nahor (Nairi,land,I.142)

(4) Terah

(5) Abram & his brothers

(6) Nahor and

(7) Haran (Harranu), city A.R. I & II.

b. Joktan (From Mesha (A.R. A.R.581) toward Sephar in East): sons

(1) Almodad

(2) Sheleph

(3) Hazarmaveth

(4) Jerah

(5) Hadoram

(6) Uzal

(7) Diklah

(8) Obal

(9) Abimael

(10) Sheba (Saba) A.R. I.778

(11) Ophir I Kings 9:28; Ps. 45:9

(12) Havilah Genesis 25:18

(13) Jobab

D. Lud Isaiah 66:19; Ezekiel 27:10; 30:5

E. Aram (Arime): Arameans, A.R.366,389,390,391

Uz (Uzi, person,A.R. II.147);Uze, Uzzi, city, I. 448, 585
Hul – Hulai A.R. I.444,445; Hulli, I. 802
Gether
Meshech (land of Muski, A.R. I. 221, 276)

21 ANCIENT CITIES AND COUNTRIES IN GENESIS 10

(17 out of 21 (81%) Found in Ancient Historical Records Outside the Bible)

SCHOLAR’S DATES

BABYLON “The Creation Epic,” Tablet VII, ANET, p. 68. c. 1800 B.C.
ERECH “The Death of Gilgamesh,” ANET, pp. 51-53 c. 1800 B.C.
AKKAD “Lipit-Ishtar Lawcode,” ANET, pp. 159, 161 c 1800 B.C.
CALNEH Isaiah 10:9; Amos 6:2 c. 700 B.C.
SHINAR “Sanhar,” “Asiatic Campaign of Amen-hotep II, ANET, p. 247 c. 1400 B.C.
ASSYRIA All of the Ancient Records of Assyria c. 1800 B.C. on
NINEVEH Ancient Records of Assyria – 150 times c.1800 B.C. on
REHOBOTH IR “Campaign of Seti I,” ANET, p. 253 c.1300 B.C.
CALAH Ancient Records of Assyria, I.436,437,467, et. al. c.1100 B.C.
RESEN Ancient Records of Assyria, I.588, 770 c.850 B.C.
CANAAN Amarna Letters, ANET, p. 484.
SIDON Tiglath Pileser I, ANET, p. 275 c.1100 B.C.
GERAR 2 Chronicles13 c.480 B.C.
GAZA “Asiatic Campaigns of Thutmose III,” ANET, p. 235 c.1450 B.C.
SODOM The Archives of Ebla, trans. G. Pettinato, Doubleday, 1981, p. 287
GOMORRAH
ADMAH
ZEBOIIM The Archives of Ebla, trans. G. Pettinato, Doubleday, 1981, p. 287. c.2000 B.C.
LASHA = Laish, Records of Thutmose III, ANET, p. 243.
MESHA = Mesu?, ANET, p. 281. c.850 B.C.

21 SEPHAR = Sippar, ANET, p. 164. c.1850 B.C.

TABLE 15-A

Biblical Chronology: Abraham to Moses

1876 B.C. Promise to Abraham in Ur at Age 70 — 430 Years Before Exodus; 30 years Before Isaac (Galatians

3:17; Genesis 15:7; Acts 7:1-4)

1871 B.C. Abraham Left Haran at Age 75 — (Genesis 11:31-32; 12:1-4; Acts 7:1-4)

1860 B.C. Birth of Ishmael (Abraham’s age: 86) – (Genesis 16:16)

1846 B.C. Birth of Isaac (Abraham’s age: 100) – (Genesis 21:5)

1786 B.C. Birth of Jacob (Isaac’s age: 60) – (Genesis 25:26)

1656 B.C. Jacob Enters Egypt (Jacob’s age: 130) – (Genesis 47:9)

1665 B.C. Joseph Became Prime Minister of Egypt (9 years before Jacob entered Egypt) (Jacob entered end of

2nd year of famine Genesis 45:11) (Joseph was 30 years old Genesis 41:46)

1585 B.C. Joseph’s Death (Joseph’s Age: 110) – (Genesis 50:26)

1526 B.C. Moses’ Birth (80 years before Exodus, Exodus 7:7)

1446 B.C. Exodus (480 years before Solomon’s 4th year 1 Kings 6:1)

1406 B.C. Conquest of Canaan (40 years after Exodus) – (Joshua 5:6)

966 B.C. Solomon’s 4th Year (480 years after Exodus) – (1 Kings 6:1)

Source: Cambridge Ancient History, II.1.818-19
CAMBRIDGE BRITANNICA

DATES FALL OF 12the Dynasty

th th

B.C. 13 Dynasty 14 Dynasty

1786 – 1756 Capital: Itjtowy (Zoan) Capital: Xois (Western Delta)

31 Kings Reigned for 76 Kings Reigned for

153 Years (average) 184 Years (average)

4.94 Yrs per King 2.4 Yrs per King

1740 – 1710 Neferhotep I 11 Yrs ?

1729 – 1699 Sobkhotpe IV 8 Yrs ?

1721 – 1691 Sobkhotpe V 2 Yrs ?

1719 – 1689 Neferhotep II 2 Yrs ?

1717 – 1687 Sobkhotpe VI 5 Yrs ?

1712 – 1682 Neferhotep III 1 Yr ?

1711 – 1681 Wahibre Yayebi 11 Yrs ?

1700 – 1670 Merneferre IY 24 Yrs ?

1676 – 1646 Merhetepre INI 2 Yrs ?

1674 – 1644 Dudimose I 1 Yr

1674 – 1630 Hyksos Invade Egypt: Establish 15th & 16th Dynasties of Egypt; 13th Dynasty

Driven South to Thebes; 14th Remains at Xois; Four Dynasties Reign over Egypt Simultaneously

End 13 through the 17 Dynasties

1567 1539

TABLE 15-C
Was Joseph the Vizier of a Hyksos Pharaoh?

Source: Cambridge Ancient History, II.1.818-19

13 Dynasty Itjtowy 1786-1633 B.C.

31 Kings Reigned for 153 Yrs Average 4.94 Yrs per King Moved to Thebes 1674 B.C.

14 Dynasty Xois 1786-1603 B.C.

76 Kings Reigned for 184 Yrs Average 2.4 Yrs per King

15 Dynasty Avaris 1674-1567 B.C.

6 Kings – 107 Yrs 18 Yrs per King

16 Dynasty Memphis 1684-1567

8 Kings – 117 Yrs. 15 Yrs per King

17 Dynasty Thebes 1650-1567

18 Dynasty Thebes 1567 B.C.

Hyksos Driven out of Egypt

18 Dynasty Sole Ruler of Egypt

Problem of Dating Moses and the Exodus in the 18th Dynasty
1537 B.C. to 1447 B.C.

B.C. Biblical History	18th Dynasty History Britannica Dates
1536 Pharaoh does not know Joseph. Enslaves	1539 – 1514 B.C. Ahmose
the Israelites in Delta. Capital in Zoan:	Drives out Hyksos from Delta. Capital in
North Egypt. Israelites build Rameses in	Thebes: South Egypt. Does not build in
Delta.	Delta, capital still in South Egypt.
1526 Moses born: Pharaoh throws infants into	1514 – 1493 Amenhotep I
Mile in Delta. Moses raised as Egyptian	Capital in South Egypt. No construction
prince.	in North. Habiru (Hebrews) live in
	Canaan in time of Idrimi of Alalakh.
1516 Moses becomes important official in Egypt.
Israel continues to construct the cities of	1493 – 1482 Thutmose I
Rameses and Pithom. Death of Pharaoh of	Dies 11 year later.
Oppression. Moses’ uncle becomes king.
	1479 – 1426 Thutmose III and
1486 Moses fless to Midian. Pharaoh tries to kill	1479 – 1458 Hatshepsut
Moses. Moses’ foster uncle continues to	Dies 1458 B.C.
seek Moses’ life and continues to oppress	Thutmose III continues reign, ‘Apir
the Israelites.	(Hebrew) in Joppa. No plagues recorded, prosperity continues, Pharaoh and army
1456 Moses’ foster uncle dies. Pharaoh of	continue.
Exodus reigns and oppresses the Israelites.
	1426 – 1400 Amenhotep II
1446 Moses returns: Exodus. Ten plagues,	Captures 3,600 ‘Apiru (Hebrews) in
Pharaoh and army destroyed, Mount Sinai,	Canaan. Archaeology: Canaanite cities
Wondering in Wilderness.	do not fall.
1406 Conquest of Canaan begins. Carbon 14	1400 – 1390 Thutmose IV
confirms date.	Archaeology: Jericho had no walls to fall.
	Archaeology: no newcomers to Canaan.
13966 Conquest of Canaan complete

19 Dynasty History Contradicts Bible History of Moses’ Life

Biblical B.C. Dates		Britannica B. C. Dates
1536	NEW PHARAOH	1319	HOREMHEB
	Hated foreigners		Helped foreigners expelled by Hebrews in
	Enslaved Hebrews		Canaan
	Built Rameses in Delta		Did not build Rameses
			Palace in N. Egypt
1526	MOSES’ BIRTH
	Palace in N. Egypt	1292	RAMSES I
	Moses is general in Egypt’s army
		1290	SETI I
1485	MOSES’ EXILE		Fights Hebrews in Canaan
	Rameses was store city		Palace in Goshen
	Built with mud bricks
	Pharaoh tries to kill Moses	1279	RAMSES II
	Hebrews in Egypt		Rameses was the capital
			Built with stone
1450	Pharaoh who hates Moses dies		Chief of Asher (Hebrew tribe) lives in
	10 Plagues ruin Egypt		Canaan
			Ramses II continues to reign
1446	EXODUS
	Army, king destroyed Israel wanders in desert	1239	Ramses II continues to reign for 26 more years with his army
1420	Israel in the wilderness	1213	MERNEPTAH
1416	For 40 years	1209	Israel is desolate in Canaan
1406	CONQUEST OF CANAAN

TABLE 16-A

Principal Sources for this Lesson

J. R. Baines, Atlas of Ancient Egypt and his articles on “Egypt” in vol. 18 of the 1991 edition of the New Encyclopaedia Britannica.
2. James Breasted’s History of Egypt, and his 5-volume work on the Ancient Records of Egypt.
The 3rd edition of the Cambridge Ancient History.
William Hayes, 1990 edition of The Scepter of Egypt, 2 volumes.
Miriam Lichtheim’s, Ancient Literature of Egypt in 3 volumes.
Petrie’s 3-volumes on History of Egypt.

	“Biblical History from Joseph to Moses Compared with Twelfth Dynasty History” by Ted Stewart

Manetho’s Chronology + Inscriptions (Over-laps Show Co-reigns) CAMBRIDGE BRITANNICA BIBLE B.C. B.C. B.C.
1991	1938	Amenemhet I	0	1688	Accession Year
			19	1668	Joseph in Prison
1971	1918	Sesostris I	20 0	1667	Baker & Butler in Prison
			21 01	1666	Butler in Palace
1969	1916		22 0228 08 29 09 30 10	1665 1659 1658 1657	Joseph 1st Year Vizier th 7 Year of Abundance st 1 Year of Famine nd 2 Year of Famine
1960	1907		1115	1656 1652	Jacob Enters Egypt: 130 yrs. th 7 Year of Famine
			28	1639	Jacob’s Death: 147 yrs.
1929	1876	Amenemhet II	0 42	1625
			4 46	1621
			5	1620	Israelite Prosperity
1897	1844	Sesostris II	35 0	1590
			38 3	1587
			5	1585	Joseph’s Death
			30	1560	Israelite Growth
1878	1836	Sesostris III	0 48	1542	Slavery of Israel
			7	1535	Construction of Rameses
			16	1526	Moses’ Birth
1844	1818	Amenemhet III	45 0	1498
			12	1486	Moses’ Exile to Midian
					Continued Construction
1799	1770	Amenemhet IV	0 42	1456	in Goshen
			6 48	1450	Amenemhet III’s Death
			9	1447	Others Die; Moses Returns
1789	1760		10	1446	Plagues & Exodus
		^th 40 Years of Wandering 13 Dynasty
1749	1720	Sekhemre Sobkemsaf I 1406			Conquest of Jericho

		TABLE 19-A st th Revisions of Scholars’ Dates from 1 to the 11 Dynasty

Dyn.	Petrie	(Number under each date = duration of years of reign) Hayes Baines Breasted Cambridge Encyclopedia Britannica
I	5546-5292	3400 – 3190	3100 – 2890	2925 – 2775
	254	c. 215	210	150
II	5292-4991	3190 – 2980	2890 – 2686	2775 – 2650
	301	c. 205	204	125
III	4991-4777	2980 – 2900	2686 – 2613	2650 – 2575
	214	80	73	75
IV	4777-449	2900 – 2750	2613 – 2498	2575 – 2465
	284	150	115	110
V	4493-4275	2750 – 2625	2494 – 2345	2465 – 2325
	218	125	149	140
VI	4275-4077	2625 – 2475	2345 – 2181	2325 – 2150
	198	150	164	144
VII	4077-3910	2475 – 2445	2181 – 2160	2150 – 2130
VIII	167	30	21	20
IX	3910-3807	2445 – 2360	2160 – 2130	2130 – 2080
	103	c. 100	30	50
X	3807-3733	2360 – 2160	2130 – 2040	*2080	– 1970*
	74	c. 200	90	110
XI	3733-3579	2160 – 2000	2133 – 1991	*2081	– 1938*
	154	c. 160	49	32
Total Years	1967	1400	1109		987

* OVER-LAPPING DATES*

TABLE 19-B

Breasted’s Sothic Dating

Breasted’s Sothic Rate (1 Day Every 4 Years)

Egypt did not adjust its 365-Day Calendar for Leap Year once every four years. Thus, Sirius’ annual heliacal rising (just before dawn) shifted one day every four years on Egypt’s 365-day calendar.

Breasted’s Sothic Cycle (1460 Years)

The Amount of Time it Takes for New Year’s Day to Shift 365 Days on Egypt’s 365-Day Calendar and To Coincide with Sirius’ Rising at the Rate of One Day Every Four Years: (365 X 4.0 = 1460).

Breasted’s Sothic Cycles of 1460 Years Each

July 19 July 19 July 19 July 20

4240 1460 2780 1460 1320 1460 140

B.C. Years B.C. Years B.C. Years A.D.

Breasted’s Astronomical Dates of the 12 and 18 Dynasties

th th

Sirius’ Rising on 8-16 of Sesostris III’s 7th year

Sirius’ rising on 8-16 is a 225-day shift from 1-1 on Egypt’s 365-Day Calendar. 225 Days X 4 = 900 years

Sirius rose on 1-1 in 2780 B.C. – 900 years = 1880 B.C.

Sirius’ Rising on 11-9 of Amenhotep I’s 9 Year

Sirius rising on 11-9 is a 83-day shift from 8-16 83 X 4 = 332 years

1880 B.C. – 332 years = 1548 B.C.

Revisions of “Astronomical Dates” of the Twelfth to Nineteenth Dynasties

* = Astronomical Dates (Numbers in Parenthesis = duration of years of dynasty)
Parker/hayes Krauss/baines

Dynasty Petrie Breasted Cambridge Britannica Kitchen

(Parker)

XII 3579-3368 B.C. 2000-1788 B.C. 1991-1786 B.C. 1938-1756 B.C. 1979-1801 B.C.

(211 Years) (212 Years) (205 Years) (182 Years) (178 Years)

SESOSTRIS III’S

7 Year*

^th 3458 B.C.* 1880 B.C.* 1872 B.C.* 1838 B.C.* 1872 B.C.*

XIII-XVII 3368-1587 B.C. 1788-1580 B.C. 1786-1567 B.C. 1756-1523 B.C. 1801-1550 B.C.

(1781Years) (208Years) (219Years) (233Years) (251Years)

XVIII 1587-1328 B.C. 1580-1350 B.C. 1567-1320 B.C. 1539-1292 B.C. 1550-1295 B.C.

(259Years) (230Years) (247Years) (247Years) (255Years)

AMENHOTEPI

9 Year*

^th 1546 B.C.* 1548 B.C.* 1537 B.C.* 1506 B.C.* 1517 B.C.*

THUTMOSEIII

1 Year*

^st 1503 B.C.* May3,1501 B.C.*1504 B.C.* 1479 B.C.* 1479 B.C.*

XIX 1328-1202 B.C. 1350-1205 B.C. 1320-1200 B.C. 1292-1190 B.C. 1295-1186 B.C.

(126Years) (145Years) (120Years) (102Years) (109Years)

RAMSESII 1300 B.C. 1292 B.C. 1304 B.C. 1279 B.C. 1279 B.C.

Dates of Sirius’ Heliacal Rising

Calculated by Dr. Danny Faulkner; Computer Softwareby Dr. Brad Schaefer

Canopus Heliopolis/Memphisel Lahun Thebes (Luxor) Elephantine Krauss 31° 19’30° 29° 14’25° 42’24° 05’24°

Year	Greg	Julian	Greg	Julian	Greg	Julian	Greg	Julian	Greg	Julian	Greg	Julian
-2000	6-29	37087	6-27	7-14	6-26	7-13	6-23	7-10	6-21	37079	6-21	37079
-1900	6-30	37087	6-28	7-14	6-27	7-13	6-23	7-09	6-22	37079	6-22	37079
-1879	6-29	7-15	6-28	7-14	6-27	7-13	6-23	7-09	6-22	7-08	6-22	7-08
-1837	6-30	7-16	6-29	7-15	6-28	7-14	6-24	7-10	6-23	7-09	6-23	7-09
-1800	6-30	7-15	6-29	7-14	6-28	7-13	6-24	7-09	6-23	7-08	6-23	7-08
-1700	7-01	7-15	6-30	7-14	6-29	7-13	6-25	7-09	6-23	37078	6-23	37078
-1600	7-02	7-16	6-30	7-14	6-29	7-13	6-26	7-10	6-24	7-08	6-24	7-08
-1545	7-03	7-17	7-01	7-15	6-30	7-14	6-27	7-11	6-25	7-09	6-25	7-09
-1505	7-02	7-16	7-01	7-15	6-30	7-14	6-27	7-11	6-25	7-09	6-25	7-09
-1500	7-02	37086	7-01	7-14	6-30	7-13	6-27	7-10	6-25	37079	6-25	37079
-1400	7-03	37086	7-02	7-14	7-01	7-13	6-27	37081	6-26	37080	6-26	37079
-1316	7-04	7-16					6-28	7-10
-1300	7-04	7-15	7-03	7-14	7-02	7-13	6-28	7-09	6-27	37079	6-27	37079
-1200	7-06	37088	7-04	7-15	7-04	7-15	6-30	7-11	6-29	37081	6-29	37081
-1100	7-07	37088	7-05	7-15	7-04	7-14	7-01	7-11	6-29	37080	6-29	37080
-1000	7-07	37087	7-06	7-15	7-05	7-14	7-02	7-11	6-30	37080	6-30	37080
-969	7-07	7-16	7-06	7-15	7-05	7-14	7-01?	7-10?	6-30	7-09	6-30	7-09
-900	7-08	7-16	7-07	7-15	7-06	7-14	7-03	7-11	7-01	7-09	7-01	7-09
-800	7-09	37088	7-08	7-16	7-07	7-15	7-03	7-11	7-02	37081	7-02	37081
-700	7-10	37088	7-08	7-15	7-08	7-15	7-04	7-11	7-03	37081	7-03	37081
-600	7-10	37087	7-09	7-15	7-08	7-14	7-05	7-11	7-04	37081	7-04	37081
-500	7-11	37087	7-10	7-15	7-09	7-14	7-06	7-11	7-04	37080	7-04	37080
-400	7-12	37088	7-11	7-16	7-10	7-15	7-07	7-12	7-05	37081	7-05	37081
-300	7-14	7-18	7-13	7-17	7-12	7-16	7-09	7-13	7-07	7-11	7-07	7-11
-238	7-14	7-18	7-12	7-16	7-12	7-16	7-09	7-13	7-07	7-11	7-07	7-11
-200	7-15	37089	7-13	7-16	7-13	7-16	7-09	7-12	7-08	7-11	7-08	7-11
-100	7-15	37088	7-14	7-16	7-14	7-16	7-10	7-12	7-09	7-11	7-09	37082
0	7-16	37089	7-15	7-17	7-14	7-16	7-11	37084	7-10	37083	7-10	37083
300	7-17	7-18	7-16	7-17	7-15	7-16	7-12	7-13	7-11	7-12	7-11	7-12
	7-18	7-18	7-17	7-17	7-16	7-16	7-13	7-13	7-11	7-11	7-12	7-12
300	37090	37089	7-18	7-17	7-17	7-16	7-14	7-13	7-12	37082	7-12	37082

Testing of Krauss’ Astronomical Chronology for 12th Dynasty

Sesostris III’s 7 Year in 1830 B.C. Sirius’ Appearance on

7-9 (Julian) in 8-16 or 8-17 (Egyptian) in, at the Latitude of Elephantine (24 °)

8-16 8-17

Julian Julian Julian Julian Faulkner Krauss

B.C. Egyptian Days Date Accuracy Days Date Accuracy Invis. Date Invis. Date Accuracy

E S III 7 Sirius 1830 8-16 7-9 7-9

S III 7 1830 7-10 – 36 6-03 -37 6-02

E S III 9 1828 7-10 – 1 6-02 +2 -1 6-01 +1 5-31 -1 5-30

S III 7 1830 2-17 -179 1-11 -180 1-10

F S III 14 1823 2-17 – 2 1-09 +1 -2 1-08 0 1-08 – 1

1-07

S III 7 1830 10-1 +45 8-23 +44 8-22

G S III 18 1819 10-1 – 3 8-20 +2 -3 d 8-19 +1 8-18 ? ?

S III 7 1830 11-16 + 90 10-07 +89 10-06

A A III 3 1815 11-16 – 4 10-03 +3 -4 10-02 +2 9-30 +1

10-1

1830 10-13 +57 9-04 +56 9-03

H A III 9 1809 10-13 -6 8-29 +3 8-28 +2 8-26 ? ?

S III 7 1830 9-08 + 22 7-31 +21 7-30

B A III 29 1789 9-08 – 11 7-20 +3 -11 7-19 +2 7-17 -17-

S III 7 1830 10-26 + 70 9-17 +69 9-16

D1 A III 30 1788 10-26 – 11 9-06 +2 -11 9-05 +1 9-4 ?

Month Length Month Length Egyptian

Accuracy

D2 1788 11-25 +29 10-5 +2 +29 10-4 +1 10-3 0 ?

D3 1788 12-25 +30 11-4 +3 +30 11-3 +2 11-1 -1 ?

D4 A III 31 1788 1-19 +29 12-3 +2 +29 12-2 +1 12-1 +1 ?

D5 1787 2-20 +31 1-03 +3 +31 1-02 +2 12-31 -1 -1 1 2 –

D6 1787 3-19 +29 2-01 +2 +29 1-31 +1 1-30 +1 ?

D7 1787 4-19 +30 3-03 +3 +30 3-2 +2 2-28 -1 0 2-28

D8 1787 5-18 +29 4-1 +2 +29 3-31 +1 3-30 +1 ?

D9 1787 6-18 +30 5-1 +2 +30 4-30 +1 4-29 0 ?

D10 1787 7-17 +29 5-30 +2 +29 5-29 +1 5-28 0 ?

D11 1787 8-17 +30 6-29 +3 +30 6-28 +2 6-26 -1 ?

D12 1787 9-16 +29 7-28 +2 +29 7-27 +1 7-26 +1 ?

C1 A III 32 1787 2-09 +148 12-23 +3 -11 12-22 +2 12-20 ?

C 2 A III 32 1786 3-08 +29 1-21 +2 +29 1-20 +1 1-19 +1 ?

TOTALS: EXACT 0/20 1/20 3/12 1/6

0% 5% 25% 16.7%

Testing of Krauss’ Astronomical Chronology for 12 Dynasty

Sesostris II’s 7th year in 1838 B.C. Sirius Appearance on 7-9 (Julian) 8-16/8-17 (Egyptian) in at the Latitude of Elephantine (24 °) 8-16 8-17

Julian Julian Julian Julian Faulkner Krauss

B.C. Egypt. Days Date Accur. Days Date Accur. Invis. Date Invis. Date

Julian Julian Julian Julian Faulkner: Mon. Krauss

B.C. Egypt. Days Date Accur. Days Date Accur. Invis. Date Leng. M.Date

S II 7 Sirius 1838 8-16 7-9 7-9

S II 7 1838 7-30 – 36 d 6-03 -37 d 6-02

E S III 9 1828 7-10 – 3 d 5-31 0 -3 d 5-30 -1 5-31 5-30

S II 7 1838 2-17 -179 d 1-11 -180 d 1-10

F S III 14 1823 2-17 – 4 d 1-07 -1 -4 d 1-06 -2 1-08 1-07

S II 7 10-1 1838 10-1 +45 d 8-23 +44 d 8-22

G S III 18 1819 10-1 – 5 d 8-18 0 -5 d 8-17 -1 8-18 ?

S II 7 11-16 1838 + 90 d 10-07 + 89 d 10-06

A A III 3 1815 11-16 – 6 d 10-01 +1 -6 d 9-30 0 9-30 10-1

S II 7 10-13 1838 +57 d 9-04 +56 9-03

H A III 9 1809 10-13 -8 d 8-27 +1 -8 d 8-26 0 8-26 ?

S II 7 9-08 1838 + 22 d 7-31 +21 d 7-30

B A III 29 1789 9-08 – 13 7-18 +1 -13 7-17 0 7-17 ?

S II 7 10-26 1838 + 70 d 9-17 +69 d 9-16 Month Length

D1 A III 30 1788 10-26 – 13 d 9-04 0 – 13 d 9-03 0 9-4/3 ?

D2 11-25 1788 +29 d 10-3 0 +29 d 10-2 -1 10-3 0/+1 ?

D3 12-25 1788 +30 d 11-2 +1 +30 d 11-1 0 11-1 -1 ?

D4 A III 31 1-19 1788 +29 d 12-1 0 +29 d 11-30 -1 12-1 +1 ?

D5 2-20 1787 +31 d 1-0 +1 +31 d 12-31 0 12-31 -1 12-30

D6 3-19 1787 +29 d 1-30 0 +29 d 1-29 -1 1-30 +1 ?

D7 4-19 1787 +30 d 3-01 +1 +30 d 2-28 0 2-28 -1 2-28

D8 5-18 1787 +29 d 3-30 0 +29 d 3-29 -1 3-30 +1 ?

D9 6-18 1787 +30 d 4-29 0 +30 d 4-28 -1 4-29 0 ?

D10 7-17 1787 +29 d 5-28 0 +29 d 5-27 -1 5-28 0 ?

D11 8-17 1787 +30 d 6-27 +1 +30 d 6-26 0 6-26 -1 ?

D12 9-16 1787 +29 d 7-26 0 +29 d 7-25 -1 7-26 +1 ?

C1 A III 32 2-09 1787 +148 12-21 +1 -13 d 12-20 0 12-20 ?

C 2 A III 32 3-08 1786 +29 d 1-19 0 +29 1-18 -1 1-19 +1 ?

LUNAR DATES MONTH LENGTH

TOTALS: EXACT 11/20 = 55% 9/20 = 45% 3/12 = 25%

1 Day Off 9/20 = 45% 10/20 = 50%

2 Days Off 0/20 = 0% 1/20 = 5%

Stewart’s Astronomical Chronology for the 12 Dynasty

7th Year of Sesostris III = 1535 B.C.

From previous charts				30°		INVIS.			ASTRO. VIS.
7 S III	8-16	1535		7-15
E 9 S III	7-10	1533		6-8	0	6-8/7			6-8/712:30 am	6-8/9
F 14 S III	2-17	1528		1-15	0	1-15			1-15	1-16
G 18 S III	10-1	1524		8-26	0	8-26			8-26	8-27
New Data #1 7 S III	11-16	1535	+90	10-13
A 3 A III	11-16	1495	-10	10-3	-1	10-4			10-4	10-5
7 S III	10-13	1535	+57	9-10
H 9 A III	10-13	1489	-12	8-29	0	8-29			8-29	8-30
7 S III	9-8	1535	+22	8-6
B 29 A III	9-8	1469	-17	7-20	0	7-19/20			7-19	7-20/21
7 S III	10-26	1535	+70	9-23
D1 30 A III	10-26	1468	-17	9-6	0	9-6			9-6	9-7
D2	11-25	1468	+29	10-5	0	10-5	29	0	10-53 p.m	10-6
D3	12-25	1468	+30	11-4	0	11-4/3	30	0	11-3/4 m.n.	11-5
D4 31 A III	1-19	1468	+29	12-3	0	12-3	29	0	12-3	12-4
D5	2-20	1467	+31	1-3	+1	1-2	30	-1	1-2/3 m.n.	1-4
D6	3-19	1467	+29	2-1	+1	1-31	29	0	1-31 11 p.m.	2-1
D7	4-19	1467	+30	3-3	+1	3-2	30	0	3-2 5 p.m.	3-3
D8	5-18	1467	+29	4-1	0	4-1	30	+1	4-112 noon	4-2
D9	6-18	1467	+30	5-1	0	5-1	30	-0	5-1 12m.n.	5-2
D10	7-17	1467	+29	5-30	0	5-30	29	-0	5-30	5-31
D11	8-17	1467	+30	6-29	0	6-29	30	-0	6-29	6-30
D12	9-16	1467	+29	7-28	0	7-28	29	-0	7-28 l a.m.	7-29
C1 32 A III	2-9	1467	+148	12-23	+1	12-22			12-22	12-23
C2 32 A III	3-8	1466	+29	1-21	0	1-21	30	+1	1-21 7 p.m.	1-22

MOONDATES = 5/20 = 75% COMPARED TO KRAUSS’ 55%

MONTH LENGTH = 9/12 = 75% COMPARED TO KRAUSS’ 25%

Table19-H

Stewart’s Astronomical Chronology for Egypt’s 12 , 18 and 19 Dynasties

th th th

12 Dynasty

1535 B.C. SESOSTRIS III’S 7 YEAR. Sirius rises 8-16 at Latitude of 30° = July 15, Julian, 1535 B.C.

18 Dynasty

1183 B.C. AMENHOTEP I’S 9 YEAR. Sirius rises 11-9 at Latitude of 24° = July 10, Julian, 1183 B.C.

New Moon Month on 11-9 = July 9, 1183 B.C.

1123 B.C. THUTMOSE III’S 23 YEAR. New Moon Month on 9-21 = May 8, Julian, 1183 B.C.

19 Dynaty

854 B.C. RAMSES II’S 52 YEAR. New Moon Month on 6-27 =December 9, 854 B.C.

New Biblical Dates Assigned to Dynasties 12 to 19

1535 B.C. *= Sesostris III’s 7 yr

^th Enslaver of Israel 12 Dynasty

1446 B.C. = Amenemhet IV, yr. 9 Exodus: Pharaoh dies 12 Dynasty

1443 B.C. = Sobkhotpe I’s 1 yr

st th th

12 Dynasty Ends 13 Dynasty

1406 B.C. = Sobk-hotep V Conquest of Canaan 13 Dynasty

1317 B.C. = Hyksos dynasties begin Period of Judges 15-16 Dynasty

1217 B.C. = Ahmose’s 1 yr

st nd th

2 Half of Judges 18 Dynasty

1183 B.C. *= Amenhotep I’s 9 yr

^th Deborah the J udge 18 Dynasty

1123 B.C. *= Thutmose III’s 23 yr

^rd Gideon the Judge 18 Dynasty

1050 B.C. = Amenhotep III’s 5 yr

^th Saul reigns as King 18 Dynasty

1010 B.C. = Amenhotep IV’s 6 yr

th st th

David’s 1 year 18 Dynasty

st th th

998 B.C. = Smenkhkara’s 1 yr David’s 12 year 18 Dynasty

st th th

993 B.C. = Tutankhamun’s 1 yr David’s 17 year 18 Dynasty

st th th

983 B.C. = Aja’s (Ay’s) 1 yr David’s 27 year 18 Dynasty

st st th

979 B.C. = Zeserk’s 1 yr David’s 31 year 18 Dynasty

th st th

970 B.C. = Zeserk’s 10 yr Solomon’s 1 yr 18 Dynasty

th st th

930 B.C. = Zeserk’s 50 yr Rehoboam’s 1 yr 18 Dynasty

th th th

926 B.C. = Zeserk’s 54 yr Rehoboam’s 5 yr 18 Dynasty

th th th

921 B.C. = Zeserk’s 59 yr Rehoboam’s 10 yr 18 Dynasty

nd th th

920 B.C. = RamsesI’s 2 yr Rehoboam’s 11 yr 19 Dynasty

st th th

919 B.C. = SetiI’s 1 year Rehoboam’s 13 yr. 19 Dynasty

st th th

905 B.C. = Ramses II’s 1 year Asa’s 5 year 19 Dynasty

nd th th

854 B.C. *= Ramses II’s 52 yr Jehoshaphat’s 18 yr 19 Dynasty

TABLE20-B

Newly Assigned Biblical Dates for the Archaeological Ages

Name of Age Abbreviation Scholar’s Dates Biblical Dates

Middle Bronze II B/C MB II B/C 1800-1550 B.C. 1486-1236 B.C.

LATE BRONZEI LBI 1550-1400 B.C. 1236-1050 B.C.

LATE BRONZE II A/B LB II A/B 1400-1200 B.C. 1050-820 B.C.

IRON IA IRON IA 1200-1150 B.C. 820-780 B.C.

IRON IB IRON IB 1150-1000 B.C. 780-740 B.C.

IRON IIA IRON IIA 1000- 925 B.C. 740-710 B.C.

IRON IIB IRON IIB 925- 720 B.C. 710-650 B.C.

IRON IIC IRON IIC 720- 586 B.C. 650-586 BC.

TABLE 21-A

Eclipses of the Sun

DATE YEAR KING YEAR OF NABONASSAR ERA

June 15, 763 B.C. – 10 Ashur-Dan III, Assyria

Mar. 19, 721 B.C. – 1 Merodach-baladan II, Babylon

st ¹ 27

Mar. 8, 720 B.C. – 2 Merodach-baladan II, Babylon

^nd 28

Sept. 1, 720 B.C. – 2 Merodach-baladan II, Babylon 28

April 22, 621 B.C. – 5 Nabopolassar, Babylon

^th 127

July 4, 568 B.C. – 37 Nebuchadnezzar, Babylon

^th 180

July 16, 523 B.C. – 7 Cambyses, Persia

^th 225

Nov. 19, 502 B.C. – 20 Darius, Persia 246

April 25, 491 B.C. – 31 Darius, Persia 257

Source: Edwin Thiele, Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings, p. 229

Parallel Chronology of O.t. History with Assyrian History

C. A. H. = Cambridge Ancient History; Dates of Thiele w/corrections by Ted Stewart*

DATE JUDAH YEAR N. ISRAEL ASSYRIA SCRIPT. or HIST. REF

B.C.

1051/50 Saul Acts 13:21

1012 Ashur-rabi C.A.H. III.1.891

1011/10 David (Ashur-uballit) 2 Sam. 5:5

971/70 Solomon 1 Kings 11:42

934 Ashur-dan II C.A.H. III.1.891

931/30 Rehoboam Jeroboam 1 Kings 14:20-21

913 Abijah 18th year 1 Kings 15:2-3

911 Adad-nirari II C.A.H. III.1.891

911/10 Asa 20th year 1 Kings 15:9-10

910/9 2nd year Nadab 1 Kings 15:25

909/8 3rd year Baasha 1 Kings 15:33

890 Tukulti-Ninurta II C.A.H. III.1.892

886/85 26th year Elah 1 Kings 16:8

885/84 27th year Zimri 1 Kings 16:15

885/84 27th year Omri/Tibni- rival reigns 1 Kings 16:21-23

883 Ashurnasirpal II

880 31st year Omri: sole reign 1 Kings 16:23-28

874/73 38th year Ahab 1 Kings 16:29; 22:40

872/71 Jehoshaphat: Co-reign 1 Kings 22:41

870/69 Jehoshaphat: Sole reign 4th year 1 Kings 15:9-10

858 Shalmaneser III C.A.H. III.1.892

853 Defeats Ahab C.A.H. III.1.261

853 Defeats Hadad C.A.H. III.1.261

Ahab Ben-Hadad 1 Kings 20:1-43

853 17th Ahaziah 1 Kings 22:51

853 Jehoram: Co-reign 2 Kings 1:17

852 2nd year: Jehoram/Joram 2 Kings 1:17

848 Jehoram: sole reign

5th Year 2 Kings 8:1-17

841 Ahaziah 12th Year (non-accession) 2 Kings 8:25

11th Year (accession year) 2 Kings 9:29

841 Jehu 2 Kings 9:29-30

Tribute from Jehu C.A.H. III.1.263

Fights Hazael 2 Kings 10:32-33

Defeats Hazael C.A.H. III.1.262-3

841 Athaliah Ahaziah & Joram killed together 2 Kings 9:14-29

2 Kings 11:1-20

835 Joash 7th Jehu 2 Kings 12:1

823 Shamshi-Adad V C.A.H. III.1.892

814/13 23rd year Jehoahaz 2 Kings 13:1

810 Adad-nirari III C.A.H. III.1.892

798 37th year Jehoash 2 Kings 13:10

796 Amaziah 2nd year 2 Kings 14:1-2

793/92 15th year Jeroboam II (co-reign) 2 Kings 14:23

792/91 Azariah-co-r 27th year 2 Kings 15:1-2

782/81 (Uzziah) Jeroboam II (sole) 2 Kings 13:10

782 Shalmaneser IV C.A.H. III.1.892

772 Asurdan III C.A.H. III.1.892

767 Azariah (Uzziah) – sole reign 2 Kings 14:2

754 Ashur-nirari V C.A.H. III.1.892

753 37th year Zechariah 2 Kings 15:8

752 39th year Shallum 2 Kings 15:13

752 39th year Menahem/Pekah 2 Kings 15:17

750 Azariah/Jotham – co-reign

745 Tiglath-pileser III C.A.H. III.1.893

744 Azariah/Jotham/Ahaz – co-reign* 2 Kings 17:1

Azariah is a leper and does not live in palace 2 Chron. 26:21

743 King Pul conquers Menahem 2 Kings 15:19-20

742 50th year Pekahiah 2 Kings 15:23

740 52nd year Pekah – sole reign 2 Kings 15:27

740 Azariah dies 2 Kings 15:1-2

735 Ahaz’s sole reign (Jotham retires)* 2 Kings 16:1-2

732 Jotham’s 20th yr. Hoshea 2 Kings 15:30

732 Ahaz’s 12th year of co-reign* 2 Kings 17:1

730 Ahaz/Hezekiah co-reign*

3rd year of Hoshea 2 Kings 18:1

726 Shalmaneser V C.A.H. III.1.893

723/22 N. Israel ends Conquers N. Israel

721 Sargon II C.A.H. III.1.893

Carries Israel into captivity

715 Hezekiah’s sole reign (Ahaz’s death) 2 Kings 16:1-2

697 Hezekiah/Manasseh co-reign 2 Kings 21:1

704 Sennacherib

686 Manasseh’s Sole Reign 2 Kings 16:2

Esarhaddon C.A.H. III.1.893

668 Ashurbanipal C.A.H. III.1.893

642 Amon 2 Kings 21:19

640 Josiah 2 Kings 22:1

611 Ashur-uballit II

609 Jehoahaz 2 Kings 23:31

609 Jehoiakim Babylon Conquers 2 Kings 23:34

605 Nebuchadnezzar C. A. H., III.1.893

Conquers Jerusalem

598 Jehoachin 2 Kings 24:8

597 Zedekiah Nebuchadnezzar 2 Kings 24:18

removes Jehoiachin

586 Babylonian Exile 2 Kings 25

561 Amel-Marduk 2 Kings 25:27

559 Neriglissar

556 Labashi-Marduk

555 Nabonidus

545 Nabonidus/Belshazzar Daniel 5

539 Cyrus Daniel 9

538 Jews Released to Return Ezra 1
to Jerusalem

Redating of the 19th Dynasty to Fit Biblical History

KIT.=Kenneth Kitchen’s dates and TED=Ted Stewart’s dates.

		KIT.	TED	KING OF		KING OF
PHARAOH	YEAR	B.C.	B.C.	JUDAH	YEAR	ISRAEL	YEAR
Rameses I	1	1295	924	Rehoboam	9	Jeroboam	10
Seti I	1	1294	922		11		12
Rameses II	1	1279	906	Asa	4	Baasha	4
	20	1260	886		23	Elah	0/1
	52	1228	854	Jehoshaphat	17	Ahab	21
Merneptah	1	1214	839	Athaliah	3	Jehu	3
End of Dynasty	19	1186	812	Joash	22	Jehoahaz	3

TABLE 22-B

New Chronology of Rameses II Fits Chronology of Shalmaneser II & 2 Kings 7:6

Baines’ EgyptianDates B. C.		Stewart’s Egyptian Dates B.C.
1300	Rameses II’s 5th Year = Defeated by Muwatallish	901
1284	Rameses II’s 21st Year = Signs Treaty with Kattushilish	885
1271	Rameses II’s 34th Year = Marries Khattushilish’s Daughter	872/1B.C.
1265	Rameses II’s 40th Year = Tudkhaliash IV reign begins	866
1258	Ramses II’s 47th Year = Shalmaneser III’s 1st Year	858
1253	Shalmaneser III conquered Alimush, the city of Sapalulme, the Hittite, who can be identified as Shuppiluliumash II, son of Tudkhaliash IV, a contemporary of Ramses II rd Ramses II’s 53 Year = Shalmaneser’s 5th/6th year	853
	Fights King Ahab in the year of his death (853)
1244	Ramses II’s 61st Year = Arnuwandash becomes King	845
1242	Ramses II’s 63rd Year = Shalmaneser III’s 17th year	843
	2 Kings 7:6 says the Hittites and Egyptians had an alliance
1239	Ramses II’s 66th Year = Shalmaneser III’s 20th year	840
1238	Merneptah’s 1st Year	839
1230	Merneptah’s 9th Year =	830
	King Shuppiluliumash, brother of Arnuwandash
1200	Amenmesses’ 3rd year = Shuppiluliumash II dies	790

Apis Burials from Ramses II to Psamtek I

				Time Span Years	Total Years	Time B.C. TIME
1.	Ramses II	Year 30	Dynasty 19		0	876
2.	Ramses II	(Yr 38?)	Dynasty 19	8?	8?	868
3.	Ramses II	(Yr 46?)	Dynasty 19	8?	16?	860
4.	Ramses II	Year 55	Dynasty 19	9?	25 exact	851
5.	Ramses II	(Year 67?)	Dynasty 19	12?	37?	839
6.	Siptah	(?)	Dynasty 19	12?	49?	827
			CHAOS
7.	Ramses III	(?)	Dynasty 20	15?	61	812
8.	Ramses VI	(?)	Dynasty 20	20?	84	792
9.	Ramses IX	(?)	Dynasty 20	15?	99	777
10.	Ramses XI	(?)	Dynasty 20	10?	110	767
11.	Ramses XI	(?)	Dynasty 20	10	120	757
12.	Ramses XI	(?)	Dynasty 20	10	130	747

195 YEARS MISSING FROM CONVENTIONAL HISTORY, INCLUDING ALL OF DYNASTY 21 AND THE 1ST 3 KINGS OF THE 22ND DYNASTY

Takelot I	(?)	Dynasty 22 10 140	737
Osorkon II	Year 23	Dynasty 22 10 150	727
Shoshenk III	Year 28	Dynasty 22 10 160	717
Pimay	Year 2	Dynasty 22 10 179	707
Shoshenk V	Year 11	Dynasty 22 10 194	683
Shoshenk V	Year 37	Dynasty 22 26 220	657
Bakenranef	Year 6	Dynasty 24 = the 37th year of Shoshenk V	695
		(Cambridge Ancient History, III. 1.	575).
Taharka	Year 4	Dynasty 25	687
Taharka	Year 14	Dynasty 25	677
Taharka	Year 24	Dynasty 25	667
Psamtek I	Year 21	Dynasty 26	644

Tentatively Proposed Reconstruction of Dynasties 19 Through 26 to Fit Biblical History

Using the Bull Burial Dates at an Average of 8 to 12 Years per Bull by Ted Stewart

19TH Dynasty
RAMSES I, Yr. 1 921
SETI I, Yr. 1 919			21ST Dynasty
RAMSES II, Yr. 1 906			THEBES/TANIS
Year 30 *876			850 HERITHOR
Year 38? *868			844 PIANKH
Year 47? *859			840 PINUDJEMI
Year 55 *851			839 SMENDES
Year 67? *839
MERNEPTAH, Yr. 2 838			813 AMENEMNISU
SIPTAH *820
TAUSERT 814
			809 PSUSENNESI
20 TH Dynasty
SETNAKHT 812
RAMSES III, Yr. 1 **810	22ND Dynasty
Yr. 11 800	800 SHOSHENK I +Yr. 1		761 AMENEMOPET
Yr. 16? 795*	795* ?*Yr.6		752 OSORKON, ELDER
Yr. 28 783*	783* ?Yr. 18 769	25TH Dynasty
RAMSES VI, Yr. 1 *769	OSORKON I Yr. 11	747 PIANKHY Yr. 1	746 SIAMUN
RAMSES VII, Yr 6 756*	756* ?*Yr.24		736 10th Yr.
			727 PSUSENNES II
RAMSES IX, Yr. 10**743	*743 TAKELOT I Yr.2	716 SHABAKA 1	713 End of 21st Dynasty
RAMSES X, Yr. 2 733*	733* ?* Yr. 12	*707 10
RAMSES XI, Yr. 4 *723	*723 OSORKON II Yr.7	*699 SHABATAKA 4
Yr. 12 *715	*715
Yr. 20 707*	Y
Yr. 28 *699	r	687* TAHARKA *Yr. 4	26TH Dynasty
End of 20th Dynasty 695	.	677* *Yr 14	672 NECHOI
	1	667* *Yr. 24	664 PSAMTEK I Yr. 1
23RD Dynasty	5	664 TANTAMANI Yr. 1
PEDUBASTI 672	707* *Yr. 23	656 End of 25th Dynasty
	*699 TAKELOT II Yr. 7		644* *Yr.21
IUPUT I 658
SHOSHENK IV 647
	688 (25th Dynasty) Yr. 19*	24 THDynasty
	677 SHOSHENK III 4*	607 TEFNAKHT	610 NECHO II
OSORKON III 621	667 (25th Dynasty) Yr. 14*
		595* BAKENRANEF 6	595 PSAMTEK II
TAKELOT III 608	653* *Yr. 28		589 APRIES
RUDAMUN 601	644* (26th Dynasty) Yr. 36	581 End of Dynasty
IUPUT II 598	628		570 APRIES DIES
	Yr . 52		NEBUCHADNEZZAR
SHOSHENK VI1 574	624* PIMAY 2		CONQUERS EGYPT
End of 23rd Dyn . 570	619 SHOSHENK V 1		AMASIS
NEBUCHADNEZZAR	610* Yr.11
CONQUERS EGYPT
	595 (24th Dyn) Yr. 26*		526 PSAMTEK III
	584* Yr.37		525 PERSIA
	583 OSORKON IV Yr. 2		CAMBYSES
	570 Yr.15		CONQUERS EGYPT
	NEBUCHADNEZZAR
	CONQUERS EGYPT

What is Apologetics? An Outline

by Ryan Turner
https://carm.org/apologetics-outline

What is Christian apologetics?
1. What Apologetics is Not
  1. The art of getting really good at saying, “I’m sorry!” over and over.
  2. The art of intellectually forcing unbelievers into submission holds MMA style.
  3. Arguing about how many angels can stand on a pin.
  4. Shaving your head and looking cool.
2. A Definition of Apologetics
  1. “Apologetics is the branch of Christian theology which attempts to give a rational defense of the Christian faith.”
  2. Apologetics is giving a reason for why you believe what you believe.
  3. The English word “apologetics” comes from the Greek word apologia which means “to give a reason or defense” (1 Pet. 3:15).
  4. Apologetics is also called “pre-evangelism.”
  5. An “apologist” is someone who defends the Christian faith.
Why should we do apologetics?
1. The Bible Commands us to
  1. 1 Peter 3:15, “But sanctify Christ as Lord in your hearts, always being ready to make a defense to everyone who asks you to give an account for the hope that is in you, yet with gentleness and reverence” (NASB).
    1. The importance of humility: 1 Cor. 8:1, “ . . . Knowledge makes arrogant, but love edifies.”
    2. The importance of love: 1 Cor. 13.
  2. Jude 3, “I felt the necessity to write to you appealing that you contend earnestly for the faith which was once for all handed down to the saints.”
    1. Jude 22, “And have mercy on some, who are doubting.”
    2. Apologetics is to be coupled with mercy and love.
2. Jesus Did Apologetics
  1. Jesus gave evidence for His claims:
    1. His fulfillment of prophecy (Mk. 14:61-62; Lk. 24:44-45).
    2. His Miracles
      1. Resurrection: Prediction (Jn. 2:19-21; cf. Mt. 12:39-40) and Accomplishment (1 Cor. 15; Lk. 24:26-27).
      2. Healings (Mt. 11:2-5).
    3. Corrected false interpretations of Scripture (Mt. 4:1-11).
3. Paul Did Apologetics
  1. Greeks at Mars Hill (Acts 17:22-34)
    1. Quotes pagan poets Aratus and Epimenides.
  2. Jews in the Synagogues (Acts 17:1-3)
  3. False teachers within the Church (Galatians, 1 Corinthians, etc.)
  4. Paul’s mission
    1. Phil. 1:7–“the defense and confirmation of the gospel.”
    2. Phil. 1:16–“I am appointed for the defense of the gospel.”
  5. Paul’s criteria for ordaining elders
    1. Titus 1:9, “Holding fast the faithful word which is in accordance with the teaching, so that he will be able both to exhort in sound doctrine and to refute those who contradict” (cf. 2 Tim. 2:24).
4. The Church Did Apologetics
  1. The Early Church with the Apostles
    1. The Apostle Paul: Galatians and 1 Corinthians
    2. The Apostle John: 1, 2, and 3rd John
  2. The Early Church after the Apostles
    1. Apologists: Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, etc.
    2. Heresies: Gnosticism, Arianism, etc.
5. Apologetics Helps Christians
  1. To better know their faith and share it more effectively.
  2. To answer people’s real questions which hinder them from accepting the gospel.
  3. To have influence in the public square (education, media, etc.).
  4. To prevent doctrinal apostasy in the Church.
  5. To answer the false claims of cults and religions . . .
What are the different methods of Christian apologetics?
1. Presuppositional Apologetics
  1. General Characteristics:
    1. Emphasizes the importance of presuppositions or the foundations of one’s thinking.
    2. Assumes the existence of God and the truth of the Bible.
  2. Adherents: John Frame, Greg Bahnsen, Cornelius Van Till, etc.
2. Classical Apologetics
  1. General Characteristics:
    1. Stresses rational argumentation for the existence of God.
    2. It is necessary to demonstrate the existence of God first in order to argue for the resurrection of Jesus. (God must exist for miracles to occur).
  2. Adherents: Norman Geisler, William Lane Craig, R.C. Sproul, etc.
3. Evidential Apologetics
  1. General Characteristics:
    1. They emphasize giving evidence for the Christian faith whether historical, logical, etc.
    2. They think miracles do not presuppose God’s existence but can serve as evidence for His existence.
      1. Resurrection example
  2. Adherents: B.B. Warfield, John Warwick Montgomery, Gary Habermas, etc.
4. Which View is Correct?
  1. All of the views have practical advantages and are useful in certain circumstances.
    1. Presuppositional (2 Pet. 3:5)
    2. Classical (Rom. 1:20)
    3. Evidential (1 Cor. 15:3-7)
  2. It seems that Scripture makes use of all of them in a very generic sense.
  3. Make up your own mind.
What are the various areas of Christian apologetics?
1. 6 Areas of Apologetics
  1. Philosophical Apologetics
  2. Theological Apologetics
  3. Biblical Apologetics
  4. Scientific Apologetics
  5. Religion and Cult Apologetics
  6. Other Areas (History, Sociology, Business, etc.)
Conclusion
1. Since Christianity is a worldview, apologetics in some sense affects every aspect of life.
2. The Bible commands it, Jesus did it, Paul did it, the early Church did it, and the world needs it.
3. What are you going to do about it?
Bibliography
1. CARM.org Website.
2. Cowan, Steven B. 5 Views on Apologetics.
3. Geisler, Norman L. Baker Encyclopedia of Christian Apologetics.