1 In the beginning of God’s preparing the heavens and the earth —

2 the earth hath existed waste and void, and darkness [is] on the face of the deep, and the Spirit of God fluttering on the face of the waters,

3 and God saith, `Let light be;’ and light is.

4 And God seeth the light that [it is] good, and God separateth between the light and the darkness,

5 and God calleth to the light `Day,’ and to the darkness He hath called `Night;’ and there is an evening, and there is a morning — day one.

Hello, I’m Jim Carmichael…

I will be going through the bible starting in genesis 1:1 giving as many view points as possible with each verse, including evidence supporting scripture….

I pray that God will bless this study, and guide our minds to a greater understanding of his true glory and creation and nature.

Be like the Bereans do your own studies if you find me or Jim P in error, please let us know, I will look over your arguments with an honest and open heart and mind…

My goal is truth… not my idea of truth… but truth and if I agree with you …. I will change my position and I’m sure Jim Pinkston would as well.

So, let’s give God all honor and glory as we begin this study, and let’s worship him today, and every day as our great creator, and savior, in spirit and truth.

These first lessons will be focused on laying groundwork for this lesson and all coming lessons

And I plan on doing this by revealing the framework of God’s first creation …I have to admit, I spent a lot of time on the first day… because I simply have a passion to have a real world understanding of exactly what the heavens and the earth are made of…

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Genesis 1: 1 – 5 | What are the building blocks | According to science the cosmos is a closed system | Mathematics of Creation | Fine Tuning | These are the four fundamental forces | What About All Those Other Parameters | Sources

What are the building blocks

My goal is to offer irrefutable evidence of creation.

I will be examining genesis chapter one from several views and sources however to share with you all these studies are impossible in one setting, so two things you need to know… day one and day six and possibly other days of creation will require long or maybe multiple sermons…

In addition, there supplemental studies are on this post to provide you with background information for those who are interested.

That is; if you are hearing this on the website, if you are watching the video on YouTube I will leave a link at the bottom for additional information.

I will be covering apologetics from various sources and present them as supplementary posts and videos, and those videos will be some I make, but mostly from other sources from the professionals in their various fields of study.

So, let’s jump into the first lesson on day 1

Today’s lesson will be on the first verse… and that is God laying the groundwork… creating the framework of all creation.

Scripture alludes to framework of creation. Look at how he is comparing us to a house!

Ephesians 2:20 -21

So now you gentiles are no longer strangers and foreigners. You are citizens along with all of God’s holy people. You are members of God’s family.

20 together, we are his house, built on the foundation of the apostles and the prophets. And the cornerstone is Christ Jesus himself.

21 we are carefully joined together in him, becoming a holy temple for the lord.

22 through him you gentiles are also being made part of this dwelling where God lives by his spirit.

The keys words are family / his house/  built on a foundation/ joined with him /// holy temple/ part of the dwelling…

Genesis 1:1 in the beginning God created the heavens and the earth

And this is where Satan began his attack in the very first verse….That means this first verse must be pretty important, and he does that by convincing people that all things began with an explosion from nothing,

An explosion that created all things in the cosmos… This is where everyone agrees…. There was a beginning!!!

The universe had a beginning (genesis 1:1; Hebrews 1:10-12). Starting with the studies of albert Einstein in the early 1900s and continuing today, science has confirmed the biblical view that the universe had a beginning. When the bible was written most people believed the universe was eternal. Science has proven them wrong, but the bible correct.

So let’s begin with “in the beginning”

This is not hard to understand, it simply means the first event in a series of events. And he is establishing time… another hotly debated issue. Is the cosmos billions of years old or merely app 6,000 years old as implied by the genealogies listing in the bible?

This will be covered in the supplement on time.

So again, in the beginning means the first event in a series of events and, that series of events is the creation week.

Next, God created…. God is the creator… the conscience mind, the ultimate power… his first creation …. Were the heavens…He created the cosmos…as an architect designs a building and a builder builds the building… And he starts with a frame… so did God.

God is both the architect and the builder. So, what was the first thing the creator created? The Framework He called the heavens…  But why the heavens…

Why does a builder frame a house first? Why not the earth first??? Or the stars???? So lets compare this to building a house… Refer back to our beginning verse… Ephesians 2:20 -21

God uses a house as an analogy so let’s do the same… Do you place your furniture and then start building around it? Of course not, that’s a silly idea isn’t it. First you lay a foundation and construct the framework.

And then the utilities, such as electrical, plumbing, and finally finishing with sheet rocking the walls, laying carpet… then you move the furniture in.

So why did he create the heavens first?  To have a place to put the earth which is inside the heavens …. As is all the rest of creation. Think of it this way He is the foundation… he built the framework… a place for humans made in his image to exist. After he created the framework he called the heavens, He next formed the earth then He provided energy he called light, which is life He created all the heavenly bodies, working perfectly for earth to sustain that energy.

He gave us plants and animals, that provide food for humans,

He created humans (the furniture)

Let’s do this little exercise to put it all into perspective… The first three verses of genesis accurately express all known aspects of the creation (genesis 1:1-3). Science expresses the universe in terms of time, space, matter, and energy. In genesis chapter one we read:

“In the beginning (time)

God created the heavens (space)

And the earth (matter)… Then God said, “let there be light (energy).” No other creation account agrees with the observable evidence.

Start by   visualize nothing:  I would like for you to close your eyes and visualize nothing…  For that is what there was before creation…  Before “in the beginning”  Or the big bang, which ever you believe in.

Nothing…. Nothing…. Absolutely nothing nothingness….

You might see it as darkness, but darkness isn’t nothing…it’s merely darkness.

So, to visualizing nothing… is impossible.  As you attempt to visualize nothing you need a point of reference… Which means there must be a something…  To compare nothing to… And that something is what we are looking for in this first lesson Again…. The very first verse in the bible says in the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. For most of my life it did not occur to me all that was involved in this.  Ok, I just thought God created the heavens and the earth. Period. End of story. Then, I started asking just what did he create the heavens and the earth out of?

There had to be basic building blocks.  And he had to create them as well.  And there must have been an orderly fashion to it to have what we see today…God is the only answer to that. The first thing he created were the heavens. So, I became suspicious he was saying; That in the beginning he created the heavens which is a holding place for the rest of creation. A kind of box for all the other stuff. A foundation and a framework and afterwards he created the earth within that framework. And of course, everything else

So, what we visualize when we attempt to think of nothing requires this framework in which God created to hold the planets and stars As Hebrews 11:3 states, things that cannot be seen.

From Youngs literal translation: In the beginning of God’s preparing the heavens and the earth –

Preparing is the key word here… he first prepared something, and what is the first thing he prepared, The heavens.

In the Hebrew that is שָׁמַיִם shâmayim, shaw-mah’-yim; And that simply means (as aloft; alluding to the visible arch in which the clouds move, As well as to the higher atmosphere where the celestial bodies revolve So, I go back to that visible arch within which the clouds move…

This is what we are seeing that he prepared first: The framework, again: Something like a box that everything else is within… and moves.

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Genesis 1: 1 – 5 | What are the building blocks | According to science the cosmos is a closed system | Mathematics of Creation | Fine Tuning | These are the four fundamental forces | What About All Those Other Parameters | Sources

According to science the cosmos is a closed system

And I will admit there is disagreements among the scientist concerning this… and creation..We all see the same evidence; this means the disagreement is in the interpretation….Why? Because Satan interferes with the interpretation… that’s his “M-O” as detectives say to describe a method of operation.

An enclosed system is like a box!

You will learn as you get to know me, my favorite example or illustration is building a box. If you have boards, nails, and a hammer… you have the basic building blocks. You can arrange those boards, and by using the hammer, insert the nails into the boards, in a certain way, you will have a box… Now that box could be an open system… meaning you don’t put a top on it, or maybe a lid, and then you start putting things into it. Now if you try to visualize nothing again… you can if you visualize nothing in the box… we can all visualize an empty box.

Or

You could build that box as a closed system… no lid, no opening…. And we could assume a sane man building an enclosed box would build it with himself on the outside…. This explains what God did when he created the heavens… he created a closed system,

And being God he was able to put stuff in the box without it having an opening or lid.

And he can move in and out of that box as he pleases.

Now let’s think about this… God created a closed system… our box… and then created all the stuff to put in it. Again…science agrees it is a closed system…  Which is our box… So, if the big bang were true… then the box had to exist first… unless of course the big bang… Which is a gigantic explosion could have created the box first and everything else within the box…. But does that make sense?  …     no

Here’s another illustration….

Think back to Sept 10th 2001… two beautiful structures, created by an architect using millions of various types of building blocks, including wood, nails, concrete, and steel beams… The twin towers… built to perfection…and then came 911…

Now think about sept 12th 2001, and what you see is the building blocks still remaining but instead of two beautifully designed structures, we see the result of an uncontrolled and unpredictable explosion such as the big bang… As total chaos, nothing but death, and despair among the rubble… Is that what we see in the cosmos?  … no … we see a perfectly organized universe.

So the next question is this… what are those building blocks that forms the cosmos? So what does science tell us they are?

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Genesis 1: 1 – 5 | What are the building blocks | According to science the cosmos is a closed system | Mathematics of Creation | Fine Tuning | These are the four fundamental forces | What About All Those Other Parameters | Sources

Mathematics of Creation

I’m going to touch on this here, but will expand on the mathematical aspects of creation in page titled “Evidences”.

In 2014 the m.i.t. Physicist max Tegmark a believer in evolution, not creation argues in his book “our mathematical universe.”  “Mathematics is the fundamental world reality that drives the universe”. It could be said that mathematics is operating in a God-like fashion.

They are starting to get it… but still reject the truth…

However, Tegmark and others believe this perfectly mathematically ordered universe came from chaos billions of years ago, And not from intricate planning by a creator. I often wonder just how smart these guys really are…What they seem to overlook…

Is which coming first… the mathematics or the explosion. If the explosion commonly referred to as the big bang…  Came first, Then the most perfectly system of mathematics came out of an explosion…And remember… mankind did not invent mathematics… we discovered it.

Now let me make another point… as Tegmark stated:   this cosmos is operating in a mathematical God like fashion. Mathematical equations is the frame work for our cosmos… This is where you need to look over the supplemental information provided on mathematics.

A group in la (Quantum Gravity Research) is working on this… and came up with the emergence theory. I am going to explain this a simply as possible, they offer the explanation of the mathematical fundamentals that act in a “God like fashion” with mathematical crystals… Which are fractals… a fractal is a pattern, a complex never ending pattern created by repeating mathematical equations that are found in mathematics, technology and nature. So let me repeat… this is the framework of the cosmos… Mathematical equations in never ending patterns, and this group also speaks of a foundation for the framework…and that foundation is consciousness.

Now this is being stated by an atheist scientific research group…

We call that consciousness “God” and, as one would expect they refuse to confess God… In the very same breath that they reject God. They give evidence of God. As stated at the beginning of this lesson, God is the foundation, and He first created a framework. So, with all this said… what was this first lesson about?   Giving evidence of the framework…. All things exist and work within this framework God referred to as heaven… the first thing created. An enclosed system, our box.. Which is the frame that houses all other created things. The 2nd thing God created was the earth… And it was void and without form the spirit of God hovered over the deep God said let there be light…. So what is light… it’s life… and energy…

As you read the following; note this: Genesis 1 and John 1 both start with the same statement “In the beginning” Genesis 1 is telling us what happened… John 1 is telling us how it happened, and I will include a page that tells us why it happened

So, how did God create the cosmos? First, in both the Hebrew and the Greek the letters have both letter and numical values/ meanings. When you read John 1 what you are seeing is a code… words can format codes as can numbers. And, we find codes/ patterns all through creation and all theough the bible.

The following is from a website [https://www.livinggreeknt.org/findings/Genesis-Jesus-John.php]. I am not offering this website as some kind of “proof” but merely as an interesting example of the coding found in the bible. The creators of the website offer interesting insight and information concerning biblical coding.

John 1:1 – 5

1 in the beginning was the word, and the word was with God, and the word was God.

2 he was in the beginning with God.

3 all things were made through him, and without him nothing was made that was made.

4 in him was life, and the life was the light of men.

5 and the light shines in the darkness, and the darkness did not comprehend it.

Genesis 1:

2 the earth hath existed waste and void, and darkness [is] on the face of the deep, and the Spirit of God fluttering on the face of the waters,

3 and God saith, `Let light be;’ and light is.

4 And God seeth the light that [it is] good, and God separateth between the light and the darkness,

5 and God calleth to the light `Day,’ and to the darkness He hath called `Night;’ and there is an evening, and there is a morning — day one.

In the beginning…. The first event of all events, the word was the absolute beginning of all things, the first thing without beginning, and without end… the word… the formula, the equation, the code, the foundation of the electromagnetic field. The conscience mind!

The conscience mind created the framework of our cosmos and called it the Heavens. The conscience mind created all things to be put inside the box, all building blocks, and nothing was created without Him… And, that word became Flesh and dwelt among us, and we beheld His glory, as the only begotten Son of the God who was and is the source of all life, full of grace and truth.

So, let’s break this down…

First the Earth is void and without form.

And His 2nd act was the creation of Earth in it’s raw form…with His spirit hovering of the waters…And He said let their be Light… light the energy, and the life required to be present for any form of life to appear on Earth…

So here are the two options for life on Earth….

1. There is life on Earth.
2. There is not life on Earth.

I think we can all agree as we read this, there must be life on Earth….

2nd options…

1. There are physical requirements for life to exist on Earth.
2. There are no Physical requirements for life to exist on Earth.
3. Science tells us there are certain requirements for life on Earth.

I believe we can agree on this… there are requirements for Life on Earth.

So it stands to reason that these conditions must be met before life can exist, so what are those conditions?

Fine-tuning” refers to various features of the universe that are necessary conditions for the existence of complex life.

Such features include the initial conditions and “brute facts” of the universe as a whole, the laws of nature or the numerical constants present in those laws (such as the gravitational force constant), and local features of habitable planets (such as a planet’s distance from its host star).

The basic idea is that these features must fall within a very narrow range of possible values for chemical-based life to be possible.

Some popular examples are subject to dispute. And there are some complicated philosophical debates about how to calculate probabilities.

Nevertheless, there are many well-established examples of fine-tuning, which are widely accepted even by scientists who are generally hostile to theism and design. For instance, Stephen Hawking has admitted: “The remarkable fact is that the values of these numbers [the constants of physics] seem to have been very finely adjusted to make possible the development of life.” (A Brief History of Time, p. 125) Here are the most celebrated and widely accepted examples of fine-tuning for the existence of life:

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Genesis 1: 1 – 5 | What are the building blocks | According to science the cosmos is a closed system | Mathematics of Creation | Fine Tuning | These are the four fundamental forces | What About All Those Other Parameters | Sources

Fine Tuning

Cosmic Constants

1. Gravitational force constant
2. Electromagnetic force constant
3. Strong nuclear force constant
4. Weak nuclear force constant
5. Cosmological constant

Initial Conditions and “Brute Facts”

1. Initial distribution of mass energy
2. Ratio of masses for protons and electrons
3. Velocity of light
4. Mass excess of neutron over proton

“Local” Planetary Conditions

1. Steady plate tectonics with right kind of geological interior
2. Right amount of water in crust
3. Large moon with right rotation period
4. Proper concentration of sulfur
5. Right planetary mass
6. Near inner edge of circumstellar habitable zone
7. Low-eccentricity orbit outside spin-orbit and giant planet resonances
8. A few, large Jupiter-mass planetary neighbors in large circular orbits
9. Outside spiral arm of galaxy
10. Near co-rotation circle of galaxy, in circular orbit around galactic center
11. Within the galactic habitable zone
12. During the cosmic habitable age

Effects of Primary Fine-Tuning Parameters

The polarity of the water molecule

Explanation

Cosmic Constants

Gravitational force constant (large scale attractive force, holds people on planets, and holds planets, stars, and galaxies together) — too weak, and planets and stars cannot form; too strong, and stars burn up too quickly.

Electromagnetic force constant (small scale attractive and repulsive force, holds atoms electrons and atomic nuclei together) — If it were much stronger or weaker, we wouldn’t have stable chemical bonds.

Strong nuclear force constant (small-scale attractive force, holds nuclei of atoms together, which otherwise repulse each other because of the electromagnetic force) — if it were weaker, the universe would have far fewer stable chemical elements, eliminating several that are essential to life.

Weak nuclear force constant (governs radioactive decay) — if it were much stronger or weaker, life-essential stars could not form.

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Genesis 1: 1 – 5 | What are the building blocks | According to science the cosmos is a closed system | Mathematics of Creation | Fine Tuning | These are the four fundamental forces | What About All Those Other Parameters | Sources

These are the four fundamental forces

Cosmological constant (which controls the expansion speed of the universe) refers to the balance of the attractive force of gravity with a hypothesized repulsive force of space observable only at very large size scales. It must be very close to zero, that is, these two forces must be nearly perfectly balanced. To get the right balance, the cosmological constant must be fine-tuned to something like 1 part in 10120. If it were just slightly more positive, the universe would fly apart; slightly negative, and the universe would collapse.

As with the cosmological constant, the ratios of the other constants must be fine-tuned relative to each other. Since the logically possible range of strengths of some forces is potentially infinite, to get a handle on the precision of fine-tuning, theorists often think in terms of the range of force strengths, with gravity the weakest, and the strong nuclear force the strongest. The strong nuclear force is 1040 times stronger than gravity, that is, ten thousand, billion, billion, billion, billion times the strength of gravity. Think of that range as represented by a ruler stretching across the entire observable universe, about 15 billion light years. If we increased the strength of gravity by just 1 part in 1034 of the range of force strengths (the equivalent of moving less than one inch on the universe-long ruler), the universe couldn’t have life sustaining planets.

Initial Conditions and “Brute Facts”

Initial Conditions. Besides physical constants, there are initial or boundary conditions, which describe the conditions present at the beginning of the universe. Initial conditions are independent of the physical constants.

One way of summarizing the initial conditions is to speak of the extremely low entropy (that is, a highly ordered) initial state of the universe. This refers to the initial distribution of mass energy. In The Road to Reality, physicist Roger Penrose estimates that the odds of the initial low entropy state of our universe occurring by chance alone are on the order of 1 in 10 10(123).

This ratio is vastly beyond our powers of comprehension. Since we know a life-bearing universe is intrinsically interesting, this ratio should be more than enough to raise the question: Why does such a universe exist? If someone is unmoved by this ratio, then they probably won’t be persuaded by additional examples of fine-tuning.

In addition to initial conditions, there are a number of other, well- known features about the universe that are apparently just brute facts. And these too exhibit a high degree of fine-tuning. Among the fine-tuned (apparently) “brute facts” of nature are the following:

Ratio of masses for protons and electrons — If it were slightly different, building blocks for life such as DNA could not be formed.

Velocity of light — If it were larger, stars would be too luminous. If it were smaller, stars would not be luminous enough.

Mass excess of neutron over proton — if it were greater, there would be too few heavy elements for life. If it were smaller, stars would quickly collapse as neutron stars or black holes.

“Local” Planetary Conditions

But even in a universe fine-tuned at the cosmic level, local conditions can still vary dramatically. As it happens, even in this fine-tuned universe, the vast majority of locations in the universe are unsuited for life.

In The Privileged Planet,

Guillermo Gonzalez and Jay Richards identify 12 broad, widely recognized fine-tuning factors required to build a single, habitable planet. All 12 factors can be found together in the Earth. There are probably many more such factors. In fact, most of these factors could be split out to make sub-factors, since each of them contributes in multiple ways to a planet’s habitability.

Steady plate tectonics with right kind of geological interior (which allows the carbon cycle and generates a protective magnetic field). If the Earth’s crust were significantly thicker, plate tectonic recycling could not take place.

Right amount of water in crust (which provides the universal solvent for life).

Large moon with right planetary rotation period (which stabilizes a planet’s tilt and contributes to tides). In the case of the Earth, the gravitational pull of its moon stabilizes the angle of its axis at a nearly constant 23.5 degrees. This ensures relatively temperate seasonal changes, and the only climate in the solar system mild enough to sustain complex living organisms.

Proper concentration of sulfur (which is necessary for important biological processes).

Right planetary mass (which allows a planet to retain the right type and right thickness of atmosphere). If the Earth were smaller, its magnetic field would be weaker, allowing the solar wind to strip away our atmosphere, slowly transforming our planet into a dead, barren world much like Mars.

Near inner edge of circumstellar habitable zone (which allows a planet to maintain the right amount of liquid water on the surface). If the Earth were just 5% closer to the Sun, it would be subject to the same fate as Venus, a runaway greenhouse effect, with temperatures rising to nearly 900 degrees Fahrenheit. Conversely, if the Earth were about 20% farther from the Sun, it would experience runaway glaciations of the kind that has left Mars sterile.

Low-eccentricity orbit outside spin-orbit and giant planet resonances (which allows a planet to maintain a safe orbit over a long period of time).

A few, large Jupiter-mass planetary neighbors in large circular orbits (which protects the habitable zone from too many comet bombardments). If the Earth were not protected by the gravitational pulls of Jupiter and Saturn, it would be far more susceptible to collisions with devastating comets that would cause mass extinctions. As it is, the larger planets in our solar system provide significant protection to the Earth from the most dangerous comets.

Outside spiral arm of galaxy (which allows a planet to stay safely away from supernovae).

Near co-rotation circle of galaxy, in circular orbit around galactic center (which enables a planet to avoid traversing dangerous parts of the galaxy).

Within the galactic habitable zone (which allows a planet to have access to heavy elements while being safely away from the dangerous galactic center).

During the cosmic habitable age (when heavy elements and active stars exist without too high a concentration of dangerous radiation events).

This is a very basic list of “ingredients” for building a single, habitable planet. At the moment, we have only rough probabilities for most of these items. For instance, we know that less than ten percent of stars even in the Milky Way Galaxy are within the galactic habitable zone. And the likelihood of getting just the right kind of moon by chance is almost certainly very low, though we have no way of calculating just how low. What we can say is that the vast majority of possible locations in the visible universe, even within otherwise habitable galaxies, are incompatible with life.

It’s important to distinguish this local “fine-tuning” is different from cosmic fine-tuning. With cosmic fine-tuning, we’re comparing the actual universe as a whole with other possible but non-actual universes. And though theorists sometimes postulate multiple universes to try to avoid the embarrassment of a fine-tuned universe, we have no direct evidence that other universes exist. When dealing with our local planetary environment, however, we’re comparing it with other known or theoretically possible locations within the actual universe. That means that, given a large enough universe, perhaps you could get these local conditions at least once just by chance (though it would be “chance” tightly constrained by cosmic fine-tuning).

So does that mean that evidence of local fine-tuning is useless for inferring design? No. Gonzalez and Richards argue that we can still discern a purposeful pattern in local fine-tuning. As it happens, the same cosmic and local conditions, which allow complex observers to exist, also provide the best setting, overall, for scientific discovery. So complex observers will find themselves in the best overall setting for observing. You would expect this if the universe were designed for discovery, but not otherwise. So the fine-tuning of physical constants, cosmic initial conditions, and local conditions for habitability, suggests that the universe is designed not only for complex life, but for scientific discovery as well.

Effects of Primary Fine-Tuning Parameters

There are several striking effects of fine-tuning “downstream” from basic physics that also illustrate just how profoundly fine-tuned our universe is. These “effects” should not be treated as independent parameters (see discussion below). Nevertheless, they do help illustrate the idea of fine-tuning. For instance:

The polarity of the water molecule makes it uniquely fit for life. If it were greater or smaller, its heat of diffusion and vaporization would make it unfit for life. This is the result of higher-level physical constants, and of various features of subatomic particles.

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What About All Those Other Parameters

In discussing fine-tuned parameters, one can take either a maximal or a minimal approach.

Those who take the maximal approach seek to create as long a list as possible. For instance, one popular Christian apologist listed thirty-four different parameters in one of his early books, and maintains a growing list, which currently has ninety parameters. He also attaches exact probabilities to various “local” factors.

While a long (and growing) list sporting exact probabilities has rhetorical force, it also has a serious downside: many of the parameters in these lists are probably derived from other, more fundamental parameters, so they’re not independent. The rate of supernova explosions, for instance, may simply be a function of some basic laws of nature, and not be a separate instance of fine-tuning. If you’re going to legitimately multiply the various parameters to get a low probability, you want to make sure you’re not “double booking,” that is, listing the same factor twice under different descriptions. Otherwise, the resulting probability will be inaccurate. Moreover, in many cases, we simply don’t know the exact probabilities.

To avoid these problems, others take a more conservative approach, and focus mainly on distinct, well-understood, and widely accepted examples of fine-tuning. This is the approach taken here. While there are certainly additional examples of fine-tuning, even this conservative approach provides more than enough cumulative evidence for design. After all, it is this evidence that has motivated materialists to construct many universe scenarios to avoid the implications of fine-tuning.

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Genesis 1: 1 – 5 | What are the building blocks | According to science the cosmos is a closed system | Mathematics of Creation | Fine Tuning | These are the four fundamental forces | What About All Those Other Parameters | Sources

Sources

Guillermo Gonzalez and Jay Richards, The Privileged Planet: How Our Place in the Cosmos is Designed for Discovery (Washington DC: Regnery, 2004).

Robin Collins, “The Teleological Argument: An Exploration of the Fine- tuning of the Cosmos,” Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology, edited by William Lane Craig and J.P. Moreland, (Oxford: Blackwell Pub., 2009)

John Barrow and Frank Tipler, The Anthropic Cosmological Principle (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986).

Roger Penrose, The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe (New York: Vintage, 2007).

Paul Davies, The Accidental Universe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982).

Martin Rees, Just Six Numbers: The Deep Forces that Shape the Universe (New York, NY: Basic Books, 2000.)

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